Public health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 13

Public health - Essay Example Morbidity on the other hand refers to the degree of effect of a disease on the victim. Mortality represents the number of deaths resulting from a given disease (Friis and Sellers 93-99). These terms could be interrelated in different ways. For instance, when incidence rate increases, prevalence increases correspondingly. However, morbidity could be independent of incidence and prevalence. On the other hand, morbidity and mortality rate are largely dependent. When morbidity rate is high, then mortality rates are also likely to be high as well. This is because a disease with a high morbidity rate is likely to cause more fatalities hence higher mortality rates. High incidence rates could also mean high mortality rates, as high incidence rate translates to higher number of people being diagnosed with a given disease. The higher the incidence rates, the higher the probability of fatalities, which translates to high mortality rates. Conversely, high mortality rates could be highly correlated to high morbidity, incidence, or prevalence rates or a combination of

Comparing and contrasting India, China, and Indonesia music cultures Essay

Comparing and contrasting India, China, and Indonesia music cultures - Essay Example This "Comparing and contrasting India, China, and Indonesia music cultures" essay outlines the cultural differences between this countries. China has the longest standing history of its culture among all countries in the world; with archaeological evidence indicating that China is one of the foundations of mankind. Dating back to the 4th BC, the Chinese people began living together in large groups which resulted in the cultivation of land, domestication of animals, building of pit dwellings and emergence of pottery. Chinese cultural history is recorded according to the different dynasties that make up its culture as it is today. The Chinese people today show much pride in the Han culture which saw them make great scientific discoveries, most of which even the Western countries were not aware of. This culture is most renowned for the introduction of the art culture practiced in China today. The ancient Chinese music, which dates back to the 3rd millennium, was slow and solemn with lar ge orchestras heard in the background. The Chinese people value the single tone produced in their music more than they do the melody itself. Their musical instruments used are divided into eight groups depending on the materials they are made of. The musical notations used are all an indication of rhythm. Indian culture is attributed to the various religious groups that exist in India. The religions include Buddhism, Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism and Jainism. The ancient architectural monuments of India are a testament of the existence of these religions., all of which held different cultural beliefs and practices. The religions also introduced the traditional food of India from their different cuisines at that time. During the Stone Age period, early man in India began drawing animal figures and painting them in the caves he lived in. This has evolved to modern day art of painting where Indians decorate their front house porches. India is braded the land of many great philosophers, scho lars and thinkers due to its ancient literature. Indian language has evolved slowly, leading to the writing of many Indian plays and literature works. The characteristics of Indian music depend on the type of music being played; classical, folk, Lavani or the Rabindra Sangeet. The most frequent used instrument in all these musical types is the Sitar which resembles a guitar. They also use the table, a small drum that is played using the fingertips. The most unique characteristic is that every type of music has a spiritual or meditative connotation. Cultural background and musical characteristics of Indonesia Indonesia is known for its multiethnic and diverse religious nature. It is believed that the Indonesian culture is highly influenced by the Indian and Chinese cultures due to migration of the people during the ancient years. Indonesian culture id determined by the region that one is studying. For instance the North Sumatra and East Java are ethnically mixed while the South Sumat ra and South Kalimantan have similar art, dressing, social and political cultural affiliations. There are two distinct agricultural methods practiced in Indonesia; the permanent irrigated rice farming and the rotating swidden rice farming; both of which aim at farming of rice, the staple food in many parts of Indonesia. Due to the many ethnic groups in the island, there are many local languages but the Malay

Cross cultural awareness

Cross cultural awareness Cross Cultural Awareness For The International Manager Successful Cross Cultural Management And The Anticipated Characteristics Of France And Brazil Introduction It has been commented that to minimise or resolve conflicts between different cultures they should first be grouped or categorized to measure their differences (Trompenaar, 2006). The UK scores fairly low in the uncertainty avoidance index, suggesting that people in these cultures are less risk averse and feel relatively secure (French, 2008). In terms of the workplace, this can be reflected in a high employee turnover and managers encouraging risk taking and to expect change (Overby, 2005). When taking Trompenaars dimensions of universal or particular (the extent to which rules are followed regardless of the situation and people involved) into consideration, it may help to explain further where this behaviour or reasoning comes from. Products and services are being offered on a global scale, posing a serious problem when a universalist culture engages in business with a particularist society, where the importance of relationship is ignored. Trans-cultural effectiveness is not only measured by the way one culture values another but also by the ability to reconcile the dilemmas, resolving them promptly, and the extent to which both values are synergised as one (Hemple, 2001). Hemple emphasises upon the importance of such an understanding in the current globalisation era. At present, when companies become global, there is predominantly an inevitable move towards the universalist view (Hemple, 2001). In order to go about such a task, Trompenaars dimension of universal v particular is a helpful tool to signify the importance placed upon relationships and people compared to individual needs (Trompenaars F. H.-T., 1998). Trompenaars Neutral V Affective Trompenaars dimension of neutral v affective describes the extent to which a culture displays emotion, either openly (affective) or in a restrained manner (neutral) (Gooderham, 2003). A cross cultural venture will involve communication between a variety of groups and people. The way in which people communicate is diverse and consequently the manner in which behaviours and actions are inter-operated also differs, leaving room for miscommunication. For example, people from a neutral culture may perceive displays of emotion in the workplace as unprofessional behaviour whilst the lack of emotions displayed by those from a neutral culture may be perceived as deceitful behaviour from the affective cultures point of view (Snodgrass, 2002). With the display of emotions in affective cultures, it maybe that communication is not just seen as a verbal exchange, rather, value is placed upon gestures. Although, minimal or indirect speech is made; facial expressions, actions, and body language may prove to be more influential than words. Without the knowledge of such cultures and their practices, there is a possibility of miscommunication. People from a neutral culture may interpret the lack of verbal communication to be impolite, rather than picking up on the meaning behind gestures such as body language. Halls description of high and low context cultures is reminiscent of neutral v affective, but primarily focuses on the communication styles of such cultures, specifically, on how they communicate (French, 2008). Trompenaars Specific V Diffuse This aspect is useful in providing an insight into how employees perceive their position in the workplace. Those from the diffuse culture value their work and do not separate their responsibility in the workplace from their personal life. In fact, both facets of their life are integrated and are an essential element of who they are. Whereas, those from the specific culture clearly separate their work life from their personal life. They deem their work to be a means of acquiring a valuable objective, such as earning an income in order to achieve a better quality of life. The insights obtained from this dimension may explain any variations in commitment over time amongst employees. Although, neither culture is inaccurate in their thinking, it may still present differences that lead to conflict. For example, those of the diffuse culture may feel obligated to stay behind outside their contractual working hours or work during their lunch break in order to complete a task, as opposed to those of the specific culture who may take their full lunch break and sign off at the end of the day upon completion of their contractual working hours. In turn, those of the diffuse culture may feel unappreciated as they might consider themselves to be earnest whilst viewing their colleagues as insincere. As well as giving an insight into employee behaviour, the specific v diffuse dimension can also elaborate on how employees work and how their interaction with colleagues translates into their personal life (Binder, 2007). France France scores highly on Hofstedes uncertainty avoidance index which is reflected in the emphasis placed upon rules in the workplace with managers endorsing rules, regulations and control of employees. Employees in return seek job security and significant benefits such as health insurance and extended holidays (Overby, 2005). This has an impact on the internal work culture in that managers closely supervise and guide their employees and as a result employees often have little autonomy in their job role. This brings about the issue of HRM practices in a cross cultural venture; whereas performance related pay, individual appraisals etc. are common practice in UK organisations they may not be as successful in French organisations where guidance and control are valued as being a sense of security due to low uncertainty avoidance. French employees value team work and to stand out or receive individual recognition from the rest of the team may be seen to demean or show up others in contrast to being seen as individual achievement. This is also related to the customers perception of an organization when buying products/services; they would prefer to build up relationships carefully and to maintain them as opposed to a quick sale (Trompenaars F. H.-T., 1998). However, similarities are apparent between the UK and France in the use of goal setting (in a HRM context) but with an emphasis on joint goal setting as opposed to individual. This demonstrates the indirect effects of uncertainty avoidance, initially it may be thought of as a resistance to change and enhanced caution towards new people and new procedures. However, the way in which work is organised needs to be adjusted in order to get the most out of employees in a mutual context. For example, (Trompenaars F. W., 2001) research highlights an example of the French nature when change is to be implemented into an organisation: â€Å"†¦..The French, in turn, were so much worried about the unions and how to keep their people motivated†¦..When I came back some three months later to check how the implementation was going, I noticed in France and Germany nothing had started yet (Trompenaars F. W., 2001).† This should therefore be something to consider when UK managers communicate, organise and develop people and organisations from different cultures. Not only for a smooth transition but also for the impact it can have on achieving corporate objectives. Inter-Relational Dimensions BIRTISH TENDENCIES FRENCH TENDENCIES Universalism: rules Middle Universalism / Particularism: rules, relationships Individualism: focus on individual Collectivism: focus on group Neutral: reserved with emotions Affective: demonstrative with emotions Specific: distance in relationships Specific: distance in relationships Achievement: doing/merit Middle Ascription / Achievement: being/status, doing/merit (Parsons, 1951) Trompenaars Neutral V Affective Research shows that France has an implicit culture in which communication is often indirect as opposed to being concise and clear as of the explicit culture and communication methods of the UK. The French manner of communication and importance resulting from an affective culture can impact their approach to analysis. It is often the case that these implicit societies will â€Å"think more diffusively or holistically, making decisions more on intuition than on facts and figures. They can often seem indirect and ambiguous (Overby, 2005).† Therefore in the workplace it may be apparent that a high concern is given to the needs of people in and around the organisation and ensuring those needs are being met as a priority over getting the job done and spending time discussing factual impersonal information (Overby, 2005). As a result when UK and French employees and managers are together it will be important to address the issue of emotions; taking into consideration the Frenchs attitude towards uncertainty as well. Suspicion, doubts and caution maybe demonstrated in a highly effective way rather than the culture often found in western organizations such as the UK, where suspicion, doubts and a sense of unease is often only apparent amongst small groups as opposed to sharing these feelings or making them known in a more outward manner. Trompenaars Specific V Diffuse For those in specific cultures such as the UK, clear differences and separation is given in terms of their status and persona portrayed between work and social lives. In contrast diffuse cultures like France withhold the same persona in work and outside of work and believe that their work status plays a significant role in their perceived status in society. This can bring differences in how colleagues interact with each other (if at all) without the confinement of the workplace. Workplace social events or gatherings are commonly viewed in the UK as being an opportunity to really get to know and speak to the real person without the confinements of position, status or duties to influence a persons behaviour or actions. However, in a diffuse culture such an occasion may not be perceived in the same way; such people may find it difficult to speak with or associate with others without giving respect to the status or position they have in the workplace. In this instance diffuse cultures look to the status or position of an individual as a way of dictating who the individual is and thus how others should interact with them. This dimension closely relates to the significance and importance given to status across cultures. As mentioned previously, the UK can distinguish between work and social life and thus a manager in the workplace regardless of achievements, experience and qualifications will not necessarily be given the same respect and admiration outside the workplace. In contrast France (diffuse culture) maintains the same respect and status of that person which can often bring privileges and favours outside the workplace purely from the respect given to their status. For example, those who have graduated from Grande Ecoles (the French elite of universities) go on to hold top positions within organizations and government (Earley, 2002). However, the respect and status awarded to them holds the expectation amongst society that they will ensure the well-being of the community within the organization. Brazil Brazil scores quite high on the uncertainty avoidance index which is indicative of its culture where structural order is sought to reduce uncertainty (Hofstede, 2009). Strict procedures are implemented in order to reduce ambiguity and avoid conflict (Hofstede, 2009). Alternatively, the culture in U.K embraces ambiguity and thrives on conflict. There are flexible structures in place and risks are endorsed without fear of failure. For the British, failure is another step in the way towards success whereas the Brazilian, perceive it negatively. Both perceptions are a reflection of their respective flexible and structured hierarchical societies. Therefore, it is important in Brazil, to avoid confronting one about an issue concerning others and putting them on the spot about an opinion (Trompenaars F. W., 2001). The Brazilian tendency to avoid risk may affect how business is conducted with U.K as both differ severely in this regard and it will be important to consider this as it might aff ect future joint business ventures or trade partnerships. Inter-Relational Dimensions BIRTISH TENDENCIES BRAZILIAN TENDENCIES Universalism: rules Particularism: relationships Individualism: focus on individual Collectivism: focus on group Neutral: reserved with emotions Affective: demonstrative with emotions Specific: distance in relationships Diffuse: involvement in relationships Achievement: doing/merit Ascription: being/status (Parsons, 1951) Trompenaars Neutral V Affective People from affective cultures like Brazil tend to show their emotions, whereas someone from a neutral one like the U.K will appear more reserved and refrain from demonstrating emotions (Trompenaars F. H.-T., 1998). The style of interrelating is different in Brazil as compared to the UK as eye contact, touching, and personal spaces are important to them. Therefore, it is important to consider these interpersonal elements of interaction when engaging in business with the Brazilian since they can build or deter trust, understanding, and likeability of clients. Awareness of these subtle differences can help in avoiding embarrassing situations or offending someone. The Brazilian, have transparency and expressiveness in release of tensions and may seem dramatic in delivery of statements as emotions flow vehemently and without inhibition (Earley, 2002). Its different from the British culture where emotions are concealed and there is a lack of physical contact, gestures, or strong facial ex pressions along with a monotone style of oral delivery. Trompenaars Specific V Diffuse In a diffuse society like Brazil, closeness and confidence between those working together will be more important than a fancy sales presentation of a product or service as might be the case in the U.K. The final decision of signing a deal will reflect the relationship building that has taken place during the negotiation process. This concept of diffuse is exemplified in the treatment of clients arriving in Brazil. According to the video series â€Å"Doing Business in Brazil† (Boulder, 1977), visiting business people are usually picked up in person by a driver or some representative from the company for all appointments and are invited to meals and social events. In the case of the specific relational category reflected in the U.K., clients basically must fend for themselves by taxi and relationships are kept strictly to business. The main point in this video is that in Brazil, the key to doing business is building personal relationships and integrating oneself into the local n etwork. The idea of private versus public space also correlates with the diffuse versus specific context. Trompenaar (Trompenaars F. H.-T., 1998) cites the example of a situation where if a manager or director were to encounter a subordinate in a social context completely separate from work. In a specific-oriented culture like the U.K., the two individuals would be on equal ground, the levels of professional hierarchy less significant. However, in a diffuse- oriented society like Brazil, the hierarchical space and the superiority of the higher rank would permeate more noticeably into every situation, work-related or not (Trompenaar, 2006). Therefore, even in an encounter outside of work, the subordinate must still defer to the authority. Caution must be taken to heed the local system of hierarchy in Brazil when dealing with the social levels and status even though it is less egalitarian than the U.K. It could be offensive to a Brazilian to not respect the social distance between one self and an inferior. Appendices Power Distance Index (PDI) that is the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. This represents inequality (more versus less), but defined from below, not from above. It suggests that a societys level of inequality is endorsed by the followers as much as by the leaders. Power and inequality, of course, are extremely fundamental facts of any society and anybody with some international experience will be aware that all societies are unequal, but some are more unequal than others. Individualism (IDV) on the one side versus its opposite, collectivism, that is the degree to which individuals are integrated into groups. On the individualist side we find societies in which the ties between individuals are loose: everyone is expected to look after him/herself and his/her immediate family. On the collectivist side, we find societies in which people from birth onwards are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups, often extended families (with uncles, aunts and grandparents) which continue protecting them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty. The word collectivism in this sense has no political meaning: it refers to the group, not to the state. Again, the issue addressed by this dimension is an extremely fundamental one, regarding all societies in the world. Masculinity (MAS) versus its opposite, femininity refers to the distribution of roles between the genders which is another fundamental issue for any society to which a range of solutions are found. The IBM studies revealed that (a) womens values differ less among societies than mens values; (b) mens values from one country to another contain a dimension from very assertive and competitive and maximally different from womens values on the one side, to modest and caring and similar to womens values on the other. The assertive pole has been called masculine and the modest, caring pole feminine. The women in feminine countries have the same modest, caring values as the men; in the masculine countries they are somewhat assertive and competitive, but not as much as the men, so that these countries show a gap between mens values and womens values. Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) deals with a societys tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity; it ultimately refers to mans search for Truth. It indicates to what extent a culture programs its members to feel either uncomfortable or comfortable in unstructured situations. Unstructured situations are novel, unknown, surprising, and different from usual. Uncertainty avoiding cultures try to minimize the possibility of such situations by strict laws and rules, safety and security measures, and on the philosophical and religious level by a belief in absolute Truth; there can only be one Truth and we have it. People in uncertainty avoiding countries are also more emotional, and motivated by inner nervous energy. The opposite type, uncertainty accepting cultures, are more tolerant of opinions different from what they are used to; they try to have as few rules as possible, and on the philosophical and religious level they are relativist and allow many currents to flow side by side. People within these cultures are more phlegmatic and contemplative, and not expected by their environment to express emotions. Long-Term Orientation (LTO) versus short-term orientation: this fifth dimension was found in a study among students in 23 countries around the world, using a questionnaire designed by Chinese scholars It can be said to deal with Virtue regardless of Truth. Values associated with Long Term Orientation are thrift and perseverance; values associated with Short Term Orientation are respect for tradition, fulfilling social obligations, and protecting ones face. Both the positively and the negatively rated values of this dimension are found in the teachings of Confucius, the most influential Chinese philosopher who lived around 500 B.C.; however, the dimension also applies to countries without a Confucian heritage. Bibliography 1. Binder, J. (2007). Trompenaars dimensions. Retrieved December 16, 2009, from Global Project Management: http://www.globalprojectmanagement.org/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=23Itemid=32 2. Boulder, C. (Director). (1977). Doing Business in the Americas-Brazil. [Motion Picture]. 3. Brake, T. a. (1995). Doing Business Internationally: The Guide to Cross-Cultural Success. NewYork: Irwin Professional Publishing. 4. Earley, C. G. (2002). Multinational Work Teams: a new perspective. Erlbaum Associates. 5. (2008). In R. French, Cross Cultural Management in work organisations. (p. 97). London: CIPD. 6. Gooderham, P. N. (2003). International Management Cross Boundary Challenges. Blackwell Publishing, 141. 7. Hemple, P. (2001). Differences between Chinese and Western managerial views of performance. Personnel Review, 30,2. 8. Hofstede, G. (2009). Geert Hofstedeâ„ ¢ Cultural Dimensions. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from ITIM International: http://www.geert-hofstede.com/hofstede_france.shtml 9. Overby, J. (2005). An integrative review of customer value management and national culture: France and the United States. International Journal of Management, 168. 10. Parsons, T. (1951). The Social System. New York: Free Press. 11. Snodgrass, C. S. (2002). Human Factors in Information Systems. IRM Press, 78. 12. Trompenaar, F. (2006). Resolving International Conflict: Culture and Business Strategy. Business Strategy Review, 7(3). 13. (1998). In F. H.-T. Trompenaars, Riding The Waves of Culture. 2nd edition (p. 5). London: Nicholas Bealey Publishing Limited. 14. Trompenaars, F. W. (2001). A new framework for managing change across cultures. Journal of Change Management, 368.

Martin Luther Essay -- essays research papers

The year 1483 certainly was not the best of times and arguably not the worst of times but it was a notable time in that the birth of one Martin Luther did occur and the re-birth of Christendom was not far away. Eisleben, Germany is noted as the birthplace of young Martin Luther just ten days into November. Germany at that time was a place of emperors, princes, princelings, nobles, lords and knights. A place once called the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. A place that had no qualms with poverty or those who lived poverty’s reality, the peasants. One of the many odd things about young Martin’s Germany was the fact that the princes at that time were made up of archbishops and bishops who had been appointed by the pope (so much for separation of church and state). In 1483, Emperor Frederick III presided over what can be described as a violent and brutal Germany, a land that hosted torture and established a new class of people†¦the executioner. Debate over the death penalty was non-existent for even young Martin would grow up to support state executions as being divine punishment. Today’s electric chair seems humane compared to â€Å"the wheel†, â€Å"the stake†, or being boiled to death in oil or water, styles of execution that were a common place in young Martin’s time. Young Martin’s Germany was a lively and interesting place but everything except static. The fire of change was tiny but being kindled with embers from corrupt clerics, the destruction of the flat earth theory and the invention of the printing press were but a few. Change was emphatically in the wind. Hans and Margarethe Luther had four boys with Martin being the second, and one of two to survive the dreaded plague. Hans went from laboring in copper and silver mines to later owning several small foundries. Despite the promotion, the Luther’s were still not far from basic peasantry, but young Martin did enjoy some of the better things life had to offer such as an education. Though he couldn’t escape the infrequent brutal beatings at the hands of his parents, he did at times play like the other kids. Martin enrolled in the University of Erfurt in the spring of 1501 with a solid primary and secondary education behind him, and he intended on studying law. Like most institutions of higher learning at that time, Erfurt concentrated on philosophy and that meant â€Å"thinking and reasoning†; one would say you... ...Leo X called for a hearing in Rome but Martin argued it should be in Germany with German judges. His prince Frederick the Wise agreed and got the emperor to sign on. Ausborg would be host to the hearing though Rome preferred Martin be bound in chains, fetters and handcuffs and delivered there. Things went so bad at Ausborg, Martin ended stealing away at night to stagger back to Wittenberg, dazed and feeling alone. At Martins hearing, the Church stood strictly on its tradition and its assumed position of authority. Martin stood on scripture. While this was going on the people of Germany were watching and were stirred by the spirit of the debate. Martin stayed the course and things continued to heat up with the Roman Curia investigating and condemning him in 1520, and a year later excommunicating him. They summoned him to appear before Emperor Charles V at The Diet of Worms, and they expected him to recant his position. He didn’t. Upon his condemnation, his prince placed him in hiding at Wartburg castle where he would translate the New Testament from Greek to German and also go down in history as the progenitor of the Protestant Reform Movement. Christendom would forever be changed.

Critical Review of Cook,  V. (1999). Going Beyond the Native Speaker in Language Teaching

Critical Review #1 Review: Cook,  V. (1999). Going beyond the native speaker in language teaching. TESOL Quarterly, 33(2), 185. In his article, Cook argues that the emphasis or dependence of native speaker model(NSM) in language teaching is not necessary. It is time to adopt non-native models both for language learning and teaching, and he provides some possible teaching methods. Firstly, Cook defines the native speaker and L2 users.Then he discusses the slight but salient differences between monolingual native speakers and multilingual native speakers in terms of â€Å"multicompetence† so that there is no stable NSM. He also argues NSM is implicit and L2 users are actually using L2 differently instead of deficiently from monolingual bias perspective, which means native-speaker level is not a must, even impractical, to most of L2 users because they do not need to proclaim their identity through the L2 and only few L2 users have achieved native-speaker proficiency.After this series of arguments, Cook proposes some practical suggestions of successful L2 user as models and applying L1 for teaching methods. Cook concludes that more emphasis should be added on the skillful L2 users and on using L1, and teaching language is not to imitate native speakers but to help learners so that L2 learners are successful in terms of multicompetent. In general this article is refreshing, especially 14 years ago. I absolutely agree with Cook that successful L2 learners are â€Å"successful multicompetent speakers, not failed native speakers† (p. 04). In non-English-speaking countries like China where English is neither an official language nor a lingua franca, a simple English native speaker, without teaching experiences or educational professional background, can be admired as a language specialist or an English authority only because he speaks so-called â€Å"pure English†. It is the time, 14 years later after this article has been published, to establish a positive image of nonnative-speaker teachers for the sake of both themselves and their students and for the fanatics of NSM to wake up.While in other places where English is adopted as a lingua franca, the reduction of NSM is more meaningful in the way of being equal, due to the speakers’ various lingual preferences and cultural backgrounds. Actually, nine years before this article, Rampton (1990) had called on the professionals to label native speakers as language experts in order to shift â€Å"the emphasis from ‘who you are’ to ‘what you know’† (p. 99). So in this sense, Cook affords L2 users agency on learning to use L2 instead of to transform their identity into native speakers. However, uncertainties still remain.First, although the author offers the definition of L2 users and even distinguished it from L2 learners, he does not make it specific what kind of languages one uses can be considered L2s in his statement. For example, languag es learned at what age or for what reason can be one’s L2? Or can one who learns L2 as an adult in order to stay alive in English-speaking countries be the same as one who simply uses L2 to serve foreigners in his own country? Second, the author observes that â€Å"students may feel overwhelmed by native-speaker teachers who have achieved a perfection that is out of the students’ reach. † (p. 00) I think the author slightly overstates the students’ fear of native speakers. The author himself admits that some L2 users could pass for native speakers, so why should all L2 learners be taken as not extraordinary in the first place? Also, the NS teachers do not only symbolize fluent target-language speakers, but also a bridge that connects two different cultures, which is cherished by students as well. Furthermore, according to Derrida (1998), language itself is essentially â€Å"oppressive†, thus both native speaker and L2 users are oppressed by languag e and nonnative-speaker teachers could also be overwhelming to the students.Third, since research supports the idea that teachers tend to teach the way they learn (Stitt-Gohdes, 2001), the nonnative-speaker teachers can be a distinguished example of successful L2 user, because such teachers are not only â€Å"fallible† as Cook states or â€Å"presents a more achievable model† (p. 200) but also they can share or deliver their knowledge, experience and strategies of becoming a successful L2 user. Fourth, the author mentions â€Å"successful L2 users† several times but does not give a definition or standard of it.Thus it makes me confused because is a successful L2 user one who is infinitely close to the native speakers? 733 words Reference Derrida, J. (1998). Monolingualism of the other: or, the prosthesis of origins. Standford, CA: Stanford University Press. Rampton,  M. (1990). Displacing the â€Å"native speaker†: Expertise, affiliation, and inheritanc e. ELT Journal, 44(2), 97-101. Stitt-Gohdes,  W. (2001). Business education students' preferred learning styles and their teachers' preferred instructional styles: Do they match? Delta Pi Epsilon Journal, 43(3), 137-151.

Process Design

Riordan is a leading future 1000 manufacturing company that is an industrial leader in the field of plastic injection molding (Riordan, 2004). Riordan Manufacturing China plant acts as a decentralized unit of Riordan Manufacturing (Riordan, 2004). I have created a proposal package that will address the new process design that focuses on all phases of manufacturing the electric fans from determining the number of parts and components to the materials needed in production. It will include a new process design for manufacturing Riordan electric fans. The proposal will incorporate an analysis of the current production process. This analysis of the process design will provide information to remove bottlenecks. The production forecast will encompass the implementation plan of lean production, which will include a Gantt chart. Finally, a cover letter that details the coordination of aggregate operations planning and TQM processes. Material Requirement Planning (MRP) The Riordan Manufacturing China plant has applied the material requirement planning, which encompasses controls systems from the order entry through scheduling and inventory control. The MRP system is used to schedule materials, parts, and components for raw material that should be ordered or produced. The MRP provides the China plant with information about what is needed to complete a specific number of units during a specific period. The present process of the Riordan Manufacturing electric fans is located primarily at the China plant. Riordan Manufacturing purchases the polymer plastics from local distributors. The China plant uses the material requirement planning to determine the quality and timing of the assembly units. The raw materials are first received at the receiving department. These materials are drawn upon for production in the molding process to produce fan blades and housing. These finished goods are stored in a finished good stockroom. Individual buyers and contracted third parties pull inventory from the finished good stockroom. Trimming from the molding department are used to make other products. Inventory, which has been sold, and ready to be shipped are transferred to the package department. Finally, the shipping department packages the electric fans for distribution. Riordan Manufacturing needs to consider the supply and demand during the electric fan production process. Currently, Riordan is only experiences a 93% customer satisfaction in delivery of the electric fans in a timely manner. New Process Design The current bases for Riordan Manufacturing China plant operation is the quality and quantity of electric fans produced. The inventory based on forecasted production is stored in the finished good stockroom. The forecasted inventory has not been an accurate measure of the stock that Riordan should have on hand to meet the customers demand more than 93% of the time. The new process recommends that Riordan seek out additional manufacturers of electric motors in addition to its current supplier to increase the likelihood of possessing adequate inventory in stock. This new process will increase the efficiency of their scheduling and delivery. The stock on hand will be slightly increased but a reduction in polymer plastics would help offset the cost of increased inventory. The China plant can reduce the polymer plastic because the buyer can obtain it from a local buyer. Supply Chain According to Chase (2005), â€Å"Supply chain is applied to the total system approach to managing the entire flow of information, materials, and services from raw suppliers through warehouses to end users† (Chase et al. , 2005, p. 406). Riordan China plant should reconfigure their supply chain process to be more competitive and marketable. By reconfiguring how they are linked to their suppliers could provide Riordan with the competitive advantages, which have been shown to be the characteristic of successful companies. Like many other companies, Riordan can achieve significant competitive advantage by the way they configure and manage their supply chain operation (Chase et al, 2005). Riordan should consider outsourcing as a one means of improving the supply chain. Outsourcing is an approach to push the responsibility and decision making to other companies, which are a part of several components of the supply chain. Company’s find that outsourcing can provide some relief to a company whom is experiencing a shortage of resources. Outsourcing could allow the company to focus on the core process of the business while providing the flexibility needed during varying demands. Supply chains management concentrate on inventory processes to complete the orders that are requested (Chase, 2005). The movement toward a just-in-time inventory system (JIT) could provide Riordan with continuous improvement in efficiencies to its fan production process. Riordan will take the stance of eliminating all cost that does not add value to the product. The China plant will be able to have their parts arrive at each workstation at the optimal time to complete the process in a more efficient manner. Riordan will establish areas in their production that are linked, which will provide a beneficial balance of flow of material throughout the production process. Production Forecast The production forecast for the China plant accounts for both the electric motors and plastic polymers, which are essential components of the electric fans. The inventory for the electric fan is projected by taking the average sales over the last three years, which is used to project the fourth year. Riordan Manufacturing assumes history will repeat itself within manageable units (Riordan, 2006). Riordan Manufacturing has not forecasted their scheduling, production, and delivery effectively. Riordan should consider the implementation of lean production to establish an optimal price while reducing cost and waste. Implementing a lean production process is ideal for the China plant because the concept states that nothing produced until needed. Developing closer relationships with the suppliers could result in a reduction in the delivery time. The implementation of lean production is considered a good strategy to respond to the market needs. Implementation Plan Riordan will need to begin by developing a production plan that specifies what the customers’ demands are. The forecast of future demands will need to be established. The implementation of the just in time lean production system will be the bases for the forecast. Production planning includes decisions that will affect production and inventory. Riordan current labor force could be affected with implementation of the new process design. Riordan plan implementation will begin with the formation of the project teams. The team will be establishing the tasks and duties. The teams will choose which tactic, tools, and software that could be utilized such just-in-time inventory and MRP software packages. The final task will be troubleshooting and quality control. Riordan will need to identify any problem or bottlenecks in the process that need to be addressed or redesigned to establish the more optimal outcomes. The new process will allow Riordan to achieve its goal of at least 99% customer satisfaction from the current 93% customer satisfaction.

Free Essays on Child Labour

Child Labor in the Philippines Exploitation of child workers continues in the Philippines due to the inefficiency of the policies to protect child labor. All people were born with rights. Children are people too; so, children also have rights. These rights are violated through child labor. Child labor is defined as, â€Å"the employment of a child in a business or industry especially in violation of state or federal statutes prohibiting the employment of children under a specified age.† Obviously, it has become a rigid social problem the world over, specifically in third world countries such as the Philippines where child labor is widespread. I will be tackling the cases of child laborers, specifically in the city and in provinces of the Philippines. And as for it being one of the social problems existing in the country and worldwide. The essay focuses on this; it is a known fact that the disadvantages outnumber the advantages of child labor. The purpose of this study is to present the rapid growth or incr ease of child laborers in the Philippines. Another would be to discuss the effects of child labor to the family, and to the economy. Lastly, to cite ways on how to stop child labor. Child labor first appeared with the development of the domestic system. In this type of production an entrepreneur â€Å"bought raw materials to be put out to the homes of workmen to be spun, woven, sewn, or handled in some other manner.† This permitted a division of labor and a degree of specialization among various families. Pay was by piece, and children were extensively used at whatever task they could perform. â€Å"This system was important in England and in North America from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century and it lingers up to the present in some industries and, in some countries† including the Philippines. The kid who is coerced to beg on streets and helps make money for professional beggars. The child prostitute who helps by the touri... Free Essays on Child Labour Free Essays on Child Labour Child Labor in the Philippines Exploitation of child workers continues in the Philippines due to the inefficiency of the policies to protect child labor. All people were born with rights. Children are people too; so, children also have rights. These rights are violated through child labor. Child labor is defined as, â€Å"the employment of a child in a business or industry especially in violation of state or federal statutes prohibiting the employment of children under a specified age.† Obviously, it has become a rigid social problem the world over, specifically in third world countries such as the Philippines where child labor is widespread. I will be tackling the cases of child laborers, specifically in the city and in provinces of the Philippines. And as for it being one of the social problems existing in the country and worldwide. The essay focuses on this; it is a known fact that the disadvantages outnumber the advantages of child labor. The purpose of this study is to present the rapid growth or incr ease of child laborers in the Philippines. Another would be to discuss the effects of child labor to the family, and to the economy. Lastly, to cite ways on how to stop child labor. Child labor first appeared with the development of the domestic system. In this type of production an entrepreneur â€Å"bought raw materials to be put out to the homes of workmen to be spun, woven, sewn, or handled in some other manner.† This permitted a division of labor and a degree of specialization among various families. Pay was by piece, and children were extensively used at whatever task they could perform. â€Å"This system was important in England and in North America from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century and it lingers up to the present in some industries and, in some countries† including the Philippines. The kid who is coerced to beg on streets and helps make money for professional beggars. The child prostitute who helps by the touri...

Classical Music Concert with 3 Instruments essays

Classical Music Concert with 3 Instruments essays Classical Music is still popular after it has already developed for hundreds of years. Currently, there are still many people fascinate this unique kind of performing music by many classical instruments. Unlike pop-musical instruments, classical instruments are usually much more peaceful. As a result, the atmosphere they create is extremely pacific; this kind of atmosphere is simple to depict many scenes of many stories. The concert, Bonie Hampton and Faculty Friends: A Chamber Music Reunion, which was performed by faculty of Juilliard School of Music, is a classic classical performance with only piano, violin, and viola. It produced an extremely peaceful felling to listeners and allowed listeners to come out of many mental reflections of many different scenes in their minds. Before the concert started, listeners were waiting in the standby line and discussing about the greatness and contents of the concert with each other. I heard that this concert was centennial that performed by some experienced faculties of Julliard School and those faculties would not perform publicly very often. This concert became mysterious to me at that moment. The first song in the concert was called Robert Mann and Earl Carlyss, which was performed by piano and viola. It had a slow tempo at the beginning and continuously speeding up. When the song started, the dynamic was piano, after a minute, it became mezzo-piano. Overall, the entire song was crescendo. In the middle of the song, there were a few moments that had subito from piano to forte; it created many surprises for every listeners. I was shocked when subito happened. After the subito, the dynamic turned decrescendo. During the subito-decrescendo period, the entire dynamic was like a person climbed a hill up and down. The song seemed more and more interesting to the listeners, especially to me. The atmosphere of the whole song was from peaceful to...

A beginner guide to playing the Shield of Valoranâ€Å

A beginner guide to playing the Shield of Valoran  One of the rarest supports to be found on the Rift is surely one of the oldest supports out there, as well as one of the most beloved. Now, he might not be the best pick in the current meta, but other than being a rare pocket pick he can truly turn the game around and help carry your team to victory if played the right way, against an adequate team composition. For the last two seasons I have only once found myself playing against a Taric in lane so if you worry about mirror match-ups in normal games, you can be sure that the chances are next to none when picking Taric. He was recently completely reworked and as of the latest patch (6.12) he is in a somewhat strange place. He is neither as easy as he once was (although he isn’t hard by any stretch of the imagination), nor is he overpowered/underpowered. He shouldn’t be played in every comp since he has a very particular set of skills. I started playing Taric a couple of seasons ago when I first started being a support main. He had an extremely fun kit and was nearly unkillable. The enemy team never focuses you because by the time late game comes, you have around 400 armor and over 3k health, so you don’t have to worry about bad positioning in team fights, no matter how you position they will rarely attack you, meanwhile you would shred their armor, buff your teammates with your ultimate and, when needed, stun the enemy carry with a point and click stun.He went great with a couple of AD Carries, and while in lane, with the right rune and mastery setup, he was one of the tankiest supports out there. Now it’s a bit of a different story. Let’s take a look at his new kit: Abilities PASSIVE: Bravado His passive is a simple one. After casting an ability, his next two basic attacks deal increased damage and reduce his cooldowns. Q: Starlight’s Touch Taric’s Q ability is still a heal albeit a different one. Now it stores charges, up to three. It takes 15s to get one charge and you heal yourself as well as an ally that your W ability is tethered to. (more on that below) Now this ability is nice since it is a heal and those are always great to have while laning but it’s really weak compared to Nami’s heal. After a couple of these when out of combat you can really feel the difference but in the long run it’s not something that is going to benefit you too greatly. W: Bastion This ability has a passive and an active component. Passively, it increases Taric’s armor as well as the armor of the teammate it’s tethered to. When you activate it, it gives you and your ally a shield for 2.5 seconds for a percent of their maximum health. You will be using this ability only for tethering, changing the tether target and giving the active shield. It’s not a lot, but you should use it strategically. The shield also isn’t something to write home about but it can be a life-saver when needed. E: Dazzle This is your bread and butter. After a 1 second delay, Taric blasts his hammer in a straight direction and if an enemy is to be found at the end of it —they’re getting stunned for up to 1.75s. (the duration scales with level)Now, first of all this ability is a skillshot, so you can miss it easily. The visual indicator also looks a bit longer than the ability actually is, so you should also have that in mind. It takes some time to get used to, especially if you’re used to the old Taric, but nothing too special. Now for the catch. It can stun multiple targets! On top of that, not only does Taric get a beam that can stun but his tethered ally gets one as well. So in theory you have an even bigger chance to land that skillshot, and you can also use it in teamfights. Realistically, when the fight starts you usually can’t see much when all the ability effects start to stack up, (depending on the number of participants and the champions used) so having two stunni ng beams is something really beneficial. R: Cosmic Radiance After a 2.5s delay, a mysterious cosmic energy makes Taric and his tethered ally invulnerable for 2.5s. The amazing thing here is that any other ally that is inside the aura when the ability activates also gets affected, so in theory your whole team can be invulnerable for that duration.Depending on what you’re going for, this is a miraculous ability. It is more than enough to change the direction your fight is going, and you can use it for diving your enemies and any other purpose. It has a longer cooldown, but with your passive and the Frozen Heart (20% cooldown reduction) it goes down a significant amount.As for the order in which you level up your abilities, you can check the very in-depth statistics from the latest patch.Champion.gg Skill Order (Patch 6.12) When to pick Taric? You should pick Taric when against full AD compositions, since he is one of a small group of champions that scale of armor. Against those comps Taric might be the best possible pick if you can play him right and if your team needs a tanky support. In general, Taric counters most engage supports out there. When they initiate, he can counter with an easy to land stun. Of course, it mostly boils down to a skill matchup in the 2v2 lane. He is however insanely countered by poke mage supports like Sona and Soraka, and Morgana. He is tanky, and he does have a heal, but he has problems engaging against supports that keep a distance and constantly poke. If you succeed in outplaying them a couple of time it becomes easier, but it’s also a skill matchup. I’ve won countless times against a Morgana because me and my duo ADC have fantastic synergy because we’ve been playing for years now. Had that been a random solo queue ADC, I believe the outcome would have been completely different. Also, depending on your ELO, Taric can be viable only up to high Gold. Already in Platinum he is a stretch in terms of viability, so keep that in mind. He is one of the easiest champions to learn but also has a good skill ceiling, and pul ling of a game winning ultimate or stunning the whole enemy team is a fantastic feeling. If you’re new to supporting or just want to have some fun — he is a great pick, but don’t underestimate the impact he can have on a game. Laning with Taric While playing Taric in lane your objectives are very clear. Protect your ADC at all costs, while also trying to survive his weak early game. You can’t rely on your heal any longer since even with 3 stacks it heals for an extremely small amount, and your W is fairly straightforward, you use it either to get a shield for you and/or your linked ally or to link to someone else, so that really simplifies the way you play the game with Taric. Act as a human shield, try to stun as many people as possible and use your ultimate to protect as many allies as you can. While in lane, try to survive and wait for a gank from your jungler. When that happens, you have huge kill potential with the way your stun works. With some good coordination it can easily result in a kill or two. Do have in mind that you can also activate Dazzle (E) and flash while it’s channeling to catch the enemy AD or support unprepared. It can be tricky to land that way but it’s nothing impossible and you should have this in mind if it’s needed to secure the kill. Roaming with Taric is another good thing to do when you get the chance. Taric’s ganks on mid almost always result in a burned flash from the enemy midlaner and since no one wants to get stunned, people will often flash preemptively so you usually won’t have to pull any flashy plays in order to get an advantage for your midlaner. As for summoner spells — always take Flash, that is a general rule for Taric, and depending on the enemy team, you can take either Exhaust or Ignite. Exhaust is the best choice if the enemy team has assassins like Zed or Rengar or any similar champion, where a well timed exhaust can change the direction of a teamfight, and ignite gives you higher kill potential while in lane, and should be picked if playing against a champion that has a lot of healing built in their kit like Volibear, Soraka or Dr. Mundo. Now, regarding his item build order, here is what Platinum+ players are building on the current patch. (6.12) It’s a general rule that you don’t build mechanically, you need to adapt not only to the enemy team comp but to the situation you’re in at every moment in the game, from the beginning of the laning phase to late game. You wouldn’t always need Thornmail, but if the enemy team comp is full of AD (and preferably auto-attack heavy) champions it is a good and cheap item to get, especially since Taric scales so well off of armor. If you’re playing against a couple of AP champions, top and mid or perhaps Elise jungle, you should always get Locket of the Iron Solari not just for it’s active but passive magic resist aura for your team. You should always go a bit more in-depth if you can when thinking of item build order. If you’re losing in lane 2v2 and the enemy jungler isn’t present on the lower half of the map, it is OK if you delay your Sightstone, and go for some defensive items like a Cloth Armor and so on since it might be more beneficial in the short term when another 2v2 fight breaks out.Champion.gg build order. (Patch 6.12) Another fantastic thing about Taric’s new kit is the fact that you can rebind your W to another ally at any moment in the game. This is a fantastic strategic advantage not because of the active on the ability (the shield) but because of your ult. If you have a fed Katarina on your team, you should bind her seconds before she jumps into the enemy team to wreak havoc. Since she will be invulnerable for 2.5 seconds, this gives more than enough time for your team to follow up, while at the same time defending her for any kind of damage she might receive while being in the heart of battle. This goes for any kind of carry or assassin champion. Two and a half seconds is incredibly long in-game and can turn the game around in your favour. Of course, if your team is all grouped up then it doesn’t matter that much if your W is on your ADC or some other ally since the ultimate has a large area of effect and every teammate will be affected. Taric should be played aggressively but w ith some planning. You shouldn’t just go in like crazy, but he is extremely durable and tanky so you shouldn’t be scared of going in and being the frontline.

With reference to literature, examine the shift from a medical Essay

With reference to literature, examine the shift from a medical understanding of disability to social one. Discuss the extent to which the social model itself can now be considered outdated - Essay Example Currently, medical model of disability is used by many people use it to view disability. The social model, on the other hand, has been the outcry of many disabled people established to challenge the medical model. It is propagated by the disabled people who feel that their disability is as a result of personal problem and would prefer to keep their disability, and avoid treatment. This paper seeks to discuss the extent to which the social model itself can be viewed as outdated in reference to the shift in medical understanding of disability. The medical model of disability can be said to be a social political model. The model advocates that disability is inborn and is as a result of physical condition found within an individual. This disability can affect an individual emotionally, physically and mentally affecting how the person acts within the society. In this model, the problem is located within the individual (Norwich 2008 pp.54). The model advocates for seeking medical attention for treatment for the impairments or the disabled. The medical intervention provided to people with impairments enables them to fit well within the society without frustrations. The medical model attempts to explain that, the individual disability emanates from clinical conditions and it does not make distinctions between impairments and individual disability (Shakespeare1998 pp.36) In this model, the disabled individuals need to be provided with attention and help to fit in the society, and if this turn out to be problematic the disabled individuals should be taken to institutions that accommodate them while providing services that help them live within the society. The model brings out stereotypes among people who are not disabled influencing their attitudes and perceptions where they see the disabled people with a lot of pity, fear and negative attitudes towards them. The power to help and change the disabled individuals seems

Organization Management Task Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Organization Management Task - Term Paper Example Industry experts had forecasted that the attendants would fall considerably during the recession. However, increase in the price of tickets would not be effective as the expense increased by 2.5% leading to considerable operating deficit. However, the strength of the Symphony lies in the fact that it had earned a huge brand name for itself being one of the most famous orchestral groups. The financial strength of the organizations is also revealed through the immense reputation that it enjoyed and which consequently reflected through high ticket sales. Also the high paid musicians employed by the organization earning full time salaries only depicts the financial stability of the organization. The financial weakness of the organization was that it did not get any funds from the state and was the entire was generated through individual contributions and tickets sales. Moreover, ticket sales kept fluctuating depending on external conditions which weakened its financial position even furt her. The leadership strength of the company gets reflected by the fact it was led by Maurice Abravanel, who was hired as the conductor in the organization. The orchestra had developed under Abravanel starting from a small and part time community ensemble to a huge and renowned world class symphony. He was responsible for the growth of USA and for becoming the first orchestra in USA to have performed in the international platform. The leadership weakness of Utah Symphony gets revealed through the fact that it was subjected to too many leadership changes. The leadership of Abravanel was taken over by Lockhart and Lockhart continued to follow the initial strategies. However, since external conditions had changed it was necessary that Lockhart had made his own strategies which would be suitable for the present conditions at Symphony. a. Recommendations for addressing the weaknesses Firstly Anne should ensure that the organization would continue functioning under strong leadership and gu idance as they had done before. Otherwise it would lead to a fall in quality and performance. Secondly she would also have to ensure that the crisis which had resulted in revenue losses for the company would be eradicated. The crucial aspect of the merger was to ensure that the merger would result in economic benefits and remove the deficits which had been prevailing (Dymski, 1999, p.56). The merger would definitely result in realizing scale economies as both the organizations were into the same business. This would be possible by making thorough analysis of the financial position of the two organizations, measuring their strengths and weaknesses and working on them. The key strategy would be to use the strength of one organization to realize the benefit of the other. Merging Opera with Symphony could be effective in drawing audiences having affinity towards traditions and culture which could control the problem of falling ticket sales to an extent. Enhancing the brand name and repu tation through advertizing and publicity would also be effective in earning reputation and fame drawing in additional audiences which would consequently strengthen financial position of the organization. The improved financial position would be make it eligible for being part of the big merger. 2. Financial and leadership strengths and weaknesses of the Utah Opera The Utah Opera was also initiated and led by the best

Meetings with the student counselors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Meetings with the student counselors - Essay Example In the following parts of this argumentative paper, first causes of the long lines of waiting students to meet with the counselors are accounted for. It is followed by their effects and solutions are provided. And, before conclusion a statement of rebuttal is also accounted for. Causes The delayed meetings with a student counselor or adviser have become a routine in the College. Many students are required to wait in long queues; and, at the same time, students are given late appointment date and time for a meeting with the student counselor or adviser. This may be caused by not meeting with the requirement of the demand and supply in the College- the supply side of increasing students each year may not be managed by accordingly fulfilling the demand of the student counselors and advisers. Furthermore, the College may not have well-trained or experienced student counselors or advisors. Most of the time, an inexperienced student counselor or advisor consumes more time while counseling or advising a student. Consequently, many students are required to stay in long queues waiting to meet with the student counselors. Effects Academic performance and frustration increase due to the long lines of students waiting to meet with the counselors and advisors. ... And, they prefer to manage both sides without compromising any aspect. Under such conditions, if they are forced to wait in the long lines to meet with the student counselors, certainly their academic performance would greatly be affected by that. Moreover, if their academic performance is being affected by such delays, they become frustrated and the level of anxiety, which is perceived as occupying a significant position in academic achievement (Columbus 137), rises. Generally, the part time students already remain heavily under pressure. And, waiting in the long lines does nothing but to increase their frustration. For the College, the implications of academically under-performed students cannot be ruled out. The College reputation may be affected by the ill-performing or under-performing students; and, subsequently, it would not be supportive for the College ranking. For generating a good number of students, the Colleges are required to obtain good ranking at the state level. Addi tionally, the potential students may avoid getting admission in the College under such conditions. As a result, this would affect the inflows of the College which are normally generated from the student fees. Solutions The removal of causes brings solutions; first, the number of student counselors and advisers must be increased according to the student enrollment; so that increasing supply of students must be adjusted with the demand of advisers and counselors. Additionally, the College management must appoint well-experienced and appropriately qualified student counselors and advisors. Rebuttal The long student lines for meeting with the counselors and advisors may not be frequent. It is possible that the frequency of this issue

Argumentative Synthesis-Extreme Obedience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Argumentative Synthesis-Extreme Obedience - Essay Example in addition, is the factor that led to the regime’s collapse and dissertation amidst stripping of anything that could be looted by the prisoners such as windows, doors and bricks. This paper describes the implications engulfed in the extreme obedience necessity. The open answer to the extreme obedience necessity is a no. Extreme obedience suppresses creativity and innovation, as people are afraid of giving their innate opinions to the relevant authorities. Morality and military obedience though necessary should allow for the exchange of liberal opinions between the junior military officers and senior ones. During the Vietnam era, divergent opinions in scholarly and secular writing predominantly was a sign of disobedience to authorities especially the military authority (Milgram & Zimbardo, 2009). Nonetheless, psychologically, the suppression of military groups in relation to their morality and obedience was the factor that led to the dysfunctional nature of the warfare activities in which the military personnel were undertaking. Currently, there have emerged change times in regard to morality and military obedience hence the emergence of ultimate shifts of attitude towards obedience as reflected on the dual military tension between autonomy and freedom of individual soldiers. In conclusion, in order for human beings to aptly maintain their social stability and individuality, a balance between insubordination and obedience must be achieved through a liberal collective bargain between the authorities and the individuals. Obedience is overly harmful especially in extreme cases where it appears to be the reason for all the individualistic physical and or mental anguish. Okinawa’s residential protest in Japan in commemoration of the Second World War postulates a situational cause of mental and physical anguish as a result of continues and forceful obedience into these residents. The American military was preeminently portrayed as the party charged with causing

Describe the scientific method of research. Identify the key Essay

Describe the scientific method of research. Identify the key components, providing examples of each. Provide support for your answer - Essay Example The research method is also objective and is conducted within strict scopes that can facilitate such objectives. This feature further identifies rules that are associated with applicable research methods and restricts a researcher’s activities and behavior. The method of research is also characterized by an empirical approach in which knowledge is developed from evidence that is analyzed towards conclusions. The communicated findings from a scientific research therefore assume a high level of validity and reliability. Further, scientific method research is â€Å"systematic and cumulative,† demonstrating a level of orderliness and interconnectivity with each other (Wimmer and Dominick 13). A scientific research for instance, relies of previous studies in its field, for review of existing knowledge towards identification of information gap and statements of the involved problem. It is also important to note that the scientific method of research offers a basis for forecas ting into future trend, based on its reliance on past data sets (Wimmer and Dominick 13). The systematic approach of scientific method of research identifies key components of the research. The first component of a scientific method of research is the research title that communicates the involved subject matter and is in most cases a summary of the entire research process. ‘Investigating significance of the social media in marketing’ is an example of title and it describes the scope of the involved research. The second component is an abstract that offers an overview of the research’s components by summarizing other components of the research. Introduction is another component of the research and includes literature review, problem statement, purpose of the research and research hypothesis or questions or both. Literature review forms the major component of the introduction and defines an analytical report on

Meetings with the student counselors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Meetings with the student counselors - Essay Example In the following parts of this argumentative paper, first causes of the long lines of waiting students to meet with the counselors are accounted for. It is followed by their effects and solutions are provided. And, before conclusion a statement of rebuttal is also accounted for. Causes The delayed meetings with a student counselor or adviser have become a routine in the College. Many students are required to wait in long queues; and, at the same time, students are given late appointment date and time for a meeting with the student counselor or adviser. This may be caused by not meeting with the requirement of the demand and supply in the College- the supply side of increasing students each year may not be managed by accordingly fulfilling the demand of the student counselors and advisers. Furthermore, the College may not have well-trained or experienced student counselors or advisors. Most of the time, an inexperienced student counselor or advisor consumes more time while counseling or advising a student. Consequently, many students are required to stay in long queues waiting to meet with the student counselors. Effects Academic performance and frustration increase due to the long lines of students waiting to meet with the counselors and advisors. ... And, they prefer to manage both sides without compromising any aspect. Under such conditions, if they are forced to wait in the long lines to meet with the student counselors, certainly their academic performance would greatly be affected by that. Moreover, if their academic performance is being affected by such delays, they become frustrated and the level of anxiety, which is perceived as occupying a significant position in academic achievement (Columbus 137), rises. Generally, the part time students already remain heavily under pressure. And, waiting in the long lines does nothing but to increase their frustration. For the College, the implications of academically under-performed students cannot be ruled out. The College reputation may be affected by the ill-performing or under-performing students; and, subsequently, it would not be supportive for the College ranking. For generating a good number of students, the Colleges are required to obtain good ranking at the state level. Addi tionally, the potential students may avoid getting admission in the College under such conditions. As a result, this would affect the inflows of the College which are normally generated from the student fees. Solutions The removal of causes brings solutions; first, the number of student counselors and advisers must be increased according to the student enrollment; so that increasing supply of students must be adjusted with the demand of advisers and counselors. Additionally, the College management must appoint well-experienced and appropriately qualified student counselors and advisors. Rebuttal The long student lines for meeting with the counselors and advisors may not be frequent. It is possible that the frequency of this issue

Describe the scientific method of research. Identify the key Essay

Describe the scientific method of research. Identify the key components, providing examples of each. Provide support for your answer - Essay Example The research method is also objective and is conducted within strict scopes that can facilitate such objectives. This feature further identifies rules that are associated with applicable research methods and restricts a researcher’s activities and behavior. The method of research is also characterized by an empirical approach in which knowledge is developed from evidence that is analyzed towards conclusions. The communicated findings from a scientific research therefore assume a high level of validity and reliability. Further, scientific method research is â€Å"systematic and cumulative,† demonstrating a level of orderliness and interconnectivity with each other (Wimmer and Dominick 13). A scientific research for instance, relies of previous studies in its field, for review of existing knowledge towards identification of information gap and statements of the involved problem. It is also important to note that the scientific method of research offers a basis for forecas ting into future trend, based on its reliance on past data sets (Wimmer and Dominick 13). The systematic approach of scientific method of research identifies key components of the research. The first component of a scientific method of research is the research title that communicates the involved subject matter and is in most cases a summary of the entire research process. ‘Investigating significance of the social media in marketing’ is an example of title and it describes the scope of the involved research. The second component is an abstract that offers an overview of the research’s components by summarizing other components of the research. Introduction is another component of the research and includes literature review, problem statement, purpose of the research and research hypothesis or questions or both. Literature review forms the major component of the introduction and defines an analytical report on

The Fire Inside Me Essay Example for Free

The Fire Inside Me Essay A spark has been lit inside of me. It has become attached to my body, creating a fire that will soon consume me. There are things I do want out of life for myself, and this fire is there for that reason. The fire forces me to achieve all of my goals. The fire started as all fires start—the tiniest spark. I could tell from the â€Å"pinch-like† pain that the spark landed right above my smaller intestine, right in the â€Å"pit of my stomach. † With each goal I set for myself, the fire grows stronger, hotter, and brighter than ever before. I want to go to college, and with that thought to myself, I can feel the fire grow inside of me. The faint smell of smoke that would make one reminisce a childhood campfire appears in my nostrils. My skin grows slightly warmer, and my once cool, wet, clammy palms have suddenly become cool and dry. I want to be valedictorian, and in less than a minute, I can feel the tiny fire grow larger, enveloping my stomach, liver, gall bladder, and spleen. The fire has grown to the size where one could see an array of colors: orange, red, yellow, and the faintest blue-tinge located in the center of the fire. I want to win states for soccer; immediately the fire increases in size yet again, this time consuming my lungs, muscles, and bones; it takes control of my intestines, esophagus and kidneys. With every exhale I put forth, I feel dark black smoke rise through my trachea and slowly drip out of my nostrils, leaving only the smell of smoke, and the sight of black vapor wisping in front of my eyes. My eyes that were once blue have slowly began to turn red, as if to show others of the fire that consumes me—the fire that drives me. The flame’s tendrils whip around my heart and brain, close enough to cook my two-most-vital organs. With every piece of food I eat, the taste of charcoal rises to my lips and tongue, giving me no more enjoyment in either eating or drinking. I have become permanently dehydrated because everything I drink soon turns to vapor due to the heat. No longer am I cold, or even warm, but am now hot to the touch. I will be successful, and with this goal, the fire completely envelops me. The heat in my body could raise the temperature of the Arctic Circle by a few degrees. I can now hear the sound of my organs sizzling, crackling, and popping in the intense heat. The fire is now displayed in brilliant shades of blue, light and dark, purple, a vibrant yellow, a spectacular red, and a bright orange. The sight of my fire would be enough to put to shame any sunrise or sunset. With every breath I take, the air is immediately lost, used instead to fuel the fire. The fire that now consumes me has become a part of me. It lives inside me and forces my thoughts to be centered. The fire no longer causes pain for me, as I have come to accept my fire, my passion and drive. Soon, with me slowly accomplishing my goals one by one, it still pushes me onward. It makes it so that I can push past any obstacle in front of me. The fire allows me to see that I will be successful and that I will achieve all my life’s goals. I sometimes cannot help wondering if Albert Einstein, Abraham Lincoln, or any other great history-maker had a fire of their own much like this. I understand that the fire will one day diminish. It will once again lose control over my body, leaving behind only black colored organs, the minor smell of smoke, and the slight taste of charcoal. Soon, the fire will become only a spark once again leaving the remainder of my fire to dissipate in the last smoke vapor to leave my burnt nostrils. But for now, the fire still fuels me. For now, if one would look closely enough, past the burnt hair, the blackened organs, and the pulsating red eyes, they would still be able to see that tiny spark.

The Assessment Process Of Patients In Intensive Care

The Assessment Process Of Patients In Intensive Care This essay will present a reflective account of communication skills in practice whist undertaking assessment and history taking of two Intensive Care patients with a similar condition. It will endeavour to explore all aspects of non verbal and verbal communication styles and reflect upon these areas using Gibbs reflective cycle (1988). Scenario A Mrs James, 34, a passenger in a road traffic collision who was not wearing a seatbelt was thrown through the windscreen resulting in multiple facial wounds with extensive facial swelling which required her to be intubated and sedated. She currently has cervical spine immobilisation and is awaiting a secondary trauma CT. Mr James was also involved in the accident. Scenario B Mr James, 37, husband of Mrs James, the driver of the car, was wearing his seat belt. He had minor superficial facial wounds, fractured ribs and a fractured right arm. He is alert and orientated but currently breathless and requiring high oxygen concentrations. Patients who are admitted to Intensive Care are typically admitted due to serious ill health or trauma that may also have a potential to develop life threatening complications (Udwadia, 2005). These patients are usually unconscious, have limited movement and have sensation deprivation due to sedation and/or disease processes. These critical conditions rely upon modern technical support and invasive procedures for the purpose of monitoring and regulation of physiological functions. Having the ability to effectively communicate with patients, colleagues and their close relatives is a fundamental clinical skill in Intensive Care and central to a skilful nursing practice. Communication in Intensive Care is therefore of high importance to provide information and support to the critically ill patient in order to reduce their anxieties and stresses. Effective communication is the key to the collection of patient information, delivering quality of care and ensuring patient safety. Gaining a patients history is one of the most important skills in medicine and is a foundation for both the diagnosis and patient clinician relationship, and is increasingly being undertaken by nurses (Crumbie, 2006). Commonly a patient may be critically ill and therefore the ability to perform a timely assessment whilst being prepared to administer life saving treatment is crucial. Often the patient is transferred from a ward or department within the hospital where a comprehensive history has been taken with documentation of a full examination; investigations, working diagnosis and the appropriate treatment taken. However, the patients history may not have been collected on this admission if it was not appropriate to do so. Where available patients medical notes can provide essential information. In relation to the scenarios where the patient is breathless or the patient had a reduced conscious level and requires sedation and intubation, effective communication is restricted and obtaining a comprehensive history would be inappropriate and almost certainly unsafe. The Nursing Midwifery Council promotes the importance of keeping clear and accurate records within the Code: Standards of Conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives (NMC, 2008). Therefore if taking a patients history is unsafe to do so, this required to be documented. Breathing is a fundamental life process that usually occurs without conscious thought and, for the healthy person is taken for granted (Booker, 2004). In Scenario A, Mrs Jamess arrived on Intensive care and was intubated following her facial wounds and localised swelling. Facial trauma by its self is not a life threatening injury, although it has often been accompanied with other injuries such as traumatic brain injury and complications such as airway obstruction. This may have been caused by further swelling, bleeding or bone structure damage (Parks, 2003). Without an artificial airway and ventilatory support Mrs James would have struggled to breathe adequately and the potential to become in respiratory arrest. Within scenario B, Mr James had suffered multiple rib fractures causing difficulty in expansion of his lungs. Fractured ribs are amongst the most frequent of injuries sustained to the chest, accounting for over half of the thoracic injuries from non-penetrating trauma (Middle ton, 2003). When ribs are fractured due to the nature and site of the injury there is potential for underlying organ contusions and damage. The consequence of having a flail chest is pain. Painful expansion of the chest would result in inadequate ventilation of the lungs resulting in hypoxia and retention of secretions and the inability to communicate effectively. These combined increase the risk of the patient developing a chest infection and possible respiratory failure and potential to require intubation (Middleton, 2003). The key issue of Intensive Care is to provide patients and relatives with effective communication at all times to ensure that a holistic nursing approach is achieved. Intensive care nurses care for patients predominantly with respiratory failure and over the years have taken on an extended role. They are expected to examine a patient and interpret their findings and results (Booker, 2004). In these situations patient requires supportive treatments as soon as possible. Intensive Care nurse should have the ability and competence to carry out a physical assessment and collect the patients history in a systemic, professional and sensitive approach. Effective communication skills are one of the many essential skills involved in this role. As an Intensive Care nurse, introducing yourself to the patient as soon as possible would be the first step in the history and assessment taking process (Outlined in Appendix A). Whilst introducing yourself there is also the aim to gaining consent for the assessment where possible, in accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery Councils Code of Professional Conduct (NMC, 2008). Conducting a comprehensive clinical history is usually more helpful in making a provisional diagnosis than the physical examination (Ford, 2005). Within Intensive Care the Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure/Examination (ABCDE) assessment process is widely used. It is essential for survival that the oxygen is delivered to blood cells and the oxygen cannot reach the lungs without a patent airway. With poor circulation, oxygen does not get transported away from the lungs to the cells (Carr, 2005). The ABCDE approach is a simple approach that all team members use and allows for rapid assessment, co ntinuity of care and the reduction of errors. Communication reflects our social world and helps us to construct it (Weinmann Giles et al 1988). Communication of information, messages, opinions, speech and thoughts are transferred by different forms. Basic communication is achieved by speaking, sign language, body language touch and eye contact, as technology has developed communication has been achieved by media, such as emails, telephone and mobile technology (Aarti, 2010). There are two main ways of communication: Verbal and non verbal. Verbal communication is the simplest and quickest way of transferring information and interacting when face to face. It is usually a two way process where a message is sent, understood and feedback is given (Leigh, 2001). When effective communication is given, what the sender encodes is what the receiver decodes (Zastrow, 2001). Key verbal features of communication are made up of sounds, words, and language. Mr James was alert and orientated and had some ability to communicate; he was breathless due to painful fractured ribs which hindered his verbal communication. In order to help him to breath and communicate effectively, his pain must be controlled. Breathless patients may be only able to speak two or more words at a time, inhibiting conversation. The use of closed questions can allow breathless patients to communicate without exerting themselves. Closed questions such as is it painful when you breathe in? or is your breathing feeling worse? can be answered with non verbal communi cation such as a shake or nod of the head. Taking a patients history in this way can be time consuming and it is essential that the clinician do not make assumptions on behalf of the patient. Alternatively, encouraging patients to use other forms of communication can aid the process. Non verbal communication involves physical aspects such as written or visual of communication. Sign language and symbols are also included in non-verbal communication. Non verbal communication can be considered as gestures, body language, writing, drawing, physiological cues, using communication devices, mouthing words, head nods, and touch (Happ et al, 2000). Body language, posture and physical contact is a form of non verbal communication. Body language can convey vast amounts of information. Slouched posture, or folded arms and crossed legs can portray negative signals. Facial gestures and expressions and eye contact are all different cues of communication. Although Mr. James could verbally communica te, being short of breath and in pain meant that he also needed to use both verbal and non verbal communication styles. A patients stay in Intensive Care can vary from days to months. Although this is a temporary situation and many patients will make a good recovery, the psychological impact may be longer lasting (MacAuley, 2010). When caring for the patient who may be unconscious or sedated and does not appear to be awake, according to Sisson (1990) hearing may be one of the last senses to fade when they become unconscious. Sedation is used in Intensive Care Units to enable patients to be tolerable of ventilation. It aims to allow comfort and synchrony between the patient and ventilator. Poor sedation can lead to ventilator asynchrony, patient stress and anxiety, and an increased risk of self extubation and hypoxia. (Ramsey et all, 2000). Over sedation can lead to ventilator associated pneumonias, cardiac instability and prolonged ventilation and Intensive Care delirium. Delirium is found to be a predictor of death in Intensive Care patients (Page, 2008). Every day a patient spends in delirium has be en associated with a 20% increase risk of intensive care bed days and a 10% increased risk of morbidity. The single most profound risk factor for delirium in Intensive Care is sedation. Within this stage of sedation or delirium it is impossible to know what the patients have heard, understood or precessed. Ashworth (1980) recognised that nurses often failed to communicate with unconscious patients on the basis that they were unable to respond. Although, research (Lawrence, 1995) indicates that patients who are unconscious could hear and understand conversations around them and respond emotionally to verbal communication however could not respond physically. This emphasises the importance and the need for communication remains (Leigh, 2001). Neurological status would unavoidably have an effect on Mrs Jamess capacity to communicate in a usual way. It is therefore important to provide Mrs James with all information necessary to reduce her stress and anxieties via the different forms of communication. For the unconscious patient, both verbal communication and non verbal communication are of importance, verbal communication and touch being the most appropriate. There are two forms of touch (Aarti, 2010), firstly a task orientated touch when a patient is being moved, washed or having a dressing changed and secondly a caring touch holding Mrs James hand to explain where she was and why she was there is an example of this. This would enhance communication when informing and reassuring Mrs James that her husband was alive and doing well. Nurses may initially find the process of talking to an unconscious patient embarrassing, pointless or of low importance as it is a one way conversation (Ashworth, 1980) however as previously mentioned researched shows patients have the ability to hear. Barriers to communication may be caused by physical inabilities from the patients however there are many types of other communication barriers. A barrier of communication is where ther e is a breakdown in the communication process. This could happen if the message was not encoded or decoded as it should have been. If a patient is under sedation, delirious or hard of hearing verbal communication could be misinterpreted. However there could also be barriers in the transfer of communication process (Kirby, 1997). The Intensive Care environment in itself can cause communication barriers. Intensive Care can be noisy environment with monitor and ventilator alarms and general movement of patients and staff, ensuring effective communication with explanations of the alarms at all times can alleviate any anxieties the patient and relatives may have. Other barriers can simply include language barriers, fatigue, stress, distractions and jargon. Communication aids can promote effective communication between patient and clinician. Pen and paper is the simplest form of non verbal communication for those with adequate strength. Weakness of patients can affect the movement of hand s and arms making gestures and handwriting frustration and difficult. Patients may also be attached to monitors and infusions resulting in restricted movements which can lead to patients feeling trapped and disturbed (Ashworth, 1980). MacAulay (2010) mentions that Intensive Care nurses are highly skilled at anticipating the communication needs of patients who are trying to communicate but find the interpretation of their communication time consuming and difficult. The University of Dundee (ICU-Talk, 2010) conducted a three year multi disciplinary study research project to develop and evaluate a computer based communication aid specifically designed for Intensive Care patients. The trial is currently ongoing, however this may become a breakthrough in quick and effective patient clinical and patient relative communication in future care. This assignment has explored communication within Intensive Care and reflected upon previous experiences. Communication involves both verbal and non verbal communication in order to communicate effectively in all situations. Researching this topic has highlighted areas in Intensive Care nursing which may be overlooked, for example ventilator alarms and general noise within a unit may feel like a normal environment for the clinians however for patients and relatives this may cause considerable amounts of concern. Simply giving explanations for such alarms will easily alleviate concerns and provide reassurance. From overall research (Alasad: 2005, Leigh: 2001, MacAuley, 2010: Craig, 2007) Intensive Care nurses believed communication with critically ill patients was an important part of their role however disappointedly some nurses perceived this as time consuming or of low importance when the conversation was one way (Ashworth, 1980). Further education within Intensive Care may be requ ired to improve communication and highlight the importance of communication at all times. Communication is key to ensuring patients receive quality high standard care from a multidisciplinary team, where all members appreciate the skills and contribution that others offer to improve patients care.

University Food Service Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Essays Polic

University Food Service Have you ever felt ripped off at a restaurant, or realized that you paid way too much for a meal somewhere? Well, this is what many students feel on almost a daily basis. A large portion of students at State University are paying far too much for food service. This is especially true when you consider that many students are busy and end up missing meals that they have already had to pay for. Instead of having a ‘pre-paid, no miss’ policy lunch program, the university should adopt a ‘lunch card’ program, similar to those offered in elementary and secondary schools around the country. This could save the students a lot of money and, as will be detailed later, could also earn many more paying consumers for the university’s food service. Today, students at State University have two main options for food service plans. They can either pay $1978 a year for three meals a day plus meals on weekends, or they can pay $1930 for two meals a day and no weekends. If a student buys the later option and only eats one meal on a given day, they are unable to make that meal up or eat three meals on another day. Therefore, even though they have already paid around $5.00 for the meal they missed, they are unable to redeem that money and lose it. Also, no one other than the student is allowed to eat a meal off of another student’s plan. This means that if the student knows that they will be having guests and would like that guest to eat with them they are unable to use one of their pre-paid meals for their friend, even though it is already paid for. Those who say that the meal plans currently being offered allow for a large assortment of foods available to students during the meals are correct. However, when they say ... ...set amount in advance, it can be however high or low of an amount that the student wishes to put into the account. Then each time a meal is purchased the money would be debited from the meal plan account. As the student uses up the money in their account they could continue to pay however much they believe necessary into their account on a need basis. This program would benefit not only the student but also the university. It would make for a greater percentage of student usage of dining facilities and make students feel more secured when investing in a meal plan. This is a worthwhile program and is something that the university should seriously consider switching to for future use. It doesn’t take a genius to know that anything that saves students money and increases the college’s revenue on a service provided has got to be a good thing, just a college student.

Symmetrical Communication Essay -- Business, Win-Win Solutions

Introduction This essay will argue for an extended role for dialogue and relational communication in public relations practice. The rhetorical turn that public relations has taken over the last ten years as well as the expanded role that public relations practitioners need to play as organizational counsellors is discussed. Several case studies are examined and used to support the arguments for an expanded role of public relations advocacy and management. Body Effective definition of symmetrical communication Grunig and Hunt (1984) defined symmetrical communication as† the management of communication between organizations and its publics† (p. 6). Symmetrical communication is interactive behaviour in which two or more systems construct thoughts and attitudes together so that they behave in ways that are either â€Å"collaborative or symbiotic† (Grunig, 1989. P. 13). Explanation of symmetrical communication The symmetrical communication is important because it concerns the degree to which the organization adapts to or cooperates with its environment (Grunig 1984). The purpose of symmetrical communication is to adjust the relationship between the organization and its environment. With symmetrical communication publics can change organization and organization can change publics. This form of external communication can form and improve relationships because it involves â€Å"creating a sense of openness, trust, and understanding between the organization and the key public, as well as a willingness to negotiate, collaborate, and mediate solutions to issues of concern to both the organization and critical publics† (Bruning &Ledingam 1999: 158). Symmetrical communication serves as a tool for negotiation and compromise, a... ...s, 1990). The communication style of organizational members (such as grocery store cashiers) can affect the attitudes of persons outside of the organization. If the effect is positive, those persons become more willing to tell others about the service, such as recommending a grocery store. Even though the service is courteous, however, customers are not significantly more likely to do other favours, such as purchase more products (Ford, 1995). In remember that organizations attempt to assimilate into the values, institutions, and expectations of society at large. Organizations attempt to get people who are not its members to support its goals, whether to buy products, donate funds, support public education, or whatever. Organizations are not likely to last long if they attempt to stand alone and are ignorant of or unresponsive to their environment. Symmetrical Communication Essay -- Business, Win-Win Solutions Introduction This essay will argue for an extended role for dialogue and relational communication in public relations practice. The rhetorical turn that public relations has taken over the last ten years as well as the expanded role that public relations practitioners need to play as organizational counsellors is discussed. Several case studies are examined and used to support the arguments for an expanded role of public relations advocacy and management. Body Effective definition of symmetrical communication Grunig and Hunt (1984) defined symmetrical communication as† the management of communication between organizations and its publics† (p. 6). Symmetrical communication is interactive behaviour in which two or more systems construct thoughts and attitudes together so that they behave in ways that are either â€Å"collaborative or symbiotic† (Grunig, 1989. P. 13). Explanation of symmetrical communication The symmetrical communication is important because it concerns the degree to which the organization adapts to or cooperates with its environment (Grunig 1984). The purpose of symmetrical communication is to adjust the relationship between the organization and its environment. With symmetrical communication publics can change organization and organization can change publics. This form of external communication can form and improve relationships because it involves â€Å"creating a sense of openness, trust, and understanding between the organization and the key public, as well as a willingness to negotiate, collaborate, and mediate solutions to issues of concern to both the organization and critical publics† (Bruning &Ledingam 1999: 158). Symmetrical communication serves as a tool for negotiation and compromise, a... ...s, 1990). The communication style of organizational members (such as grocery store cashiers) can affect the attitudes of persons outside of the organization. If the effect is positive, those persons become more willing to tell others about the service, such as recommending a grocery store. Even though the service is courteous, however, customers are not significantly more likely to do other favours, such as purchase more products (Ford, 1995). In remember that organizations attempt to assimilate into the values, institutions, and expectations of society at large. Organizations attempt to get people who are not its members to support its goals, whether to buy products, donate funds, support public education, or whatever. Organizations are not likely to last long if they attempt to stand alone and are ignorant of or unresponsive to their environment.