Saturday, November 30, 2019

Lifebouys Marketing Strategies free essay sample

Lifebuoy is a product of Hindustan Unilever Ltd. The brands core promise is protection and a commitment to support life . Lifebuoys programmes aims to educate people about the benefits of handwash with soap, and how handwash can help kill invisible, disease causing germs. It guarantee’s protection to everyone . this brand has established it self as the disinfectant soap , and has achieved immense success in all its campaign. Lifebuoy is one of the leading soaps in the market , thus my study will show a detailed study of its market strategies INTRODUCTION MARKETING STRATEGIES Marketing strategy is defined by David Aaker as a process that can allow an organization to concentrate its resources on the optimal opportunities with the goals of increasing sales and achieving a sustainable competitive advantage. Marketing strategy includes all basic and long-term activities in the field of marketing that deal with the analysis of the strategic initial situation of a company and the formulation, evaluation and selection of market-oriented strategies and therefore contribute to the goals of the company and its marketing objectives. We will write a custom essay sample on Lifebouys Marketing Strategies or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page FMCG INDUSTRY OF HUL IN INDIA FMCG came into in existence in 1888 when Sun Light soap was firstly seen at KOLKATA harbor. It was made by Lever brothers in England. After that in 1895 Lifebuoy and after that Lux, Pears and Vim bar Hindustan Unilever Limited (‘HUL’), formerly Hindustan Lever Limited (it was renamed in late June 2007 as HUL), is Indias largest Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) company, touching the lives of two out of three Indians with over 20 distinct categories in Home Personal Care Products and Foods Beverages. These products endow the company with a scale of combined volumes of about 4 million tonnes and sales of nearly Rs 13718 crores. HUL is also one of the countrys largest exporters; it has been recognized as a Golden Super Star Trading House by the Government of India. The mission that inspires HULs over 15,000 employees, including over 1,300 managers, is to add vitality to life. HUL meets everyday needs for nutrition, hygiene, and personal care with brands that help people feel good, look good and get more out of life. It is a mission HUL shares with its parent company, Unilever, which holds 52. 10% of the equity. The rest of the shareholding is distributed among 360,675 individual shareholders and financial institutions. LIFEBOUY Lifebuoy is a product of Hindustan Unilever Ltd. , India, which was earlier called the Unilever ltd. Lifebuoy is actually a brand which was invented globally before the term global branding itself was invented. It was invented in 1894 in UK as the royal disinfectant soap by William Hesketh Lever. In India Lever brothers introduced Lifebuoy in 1895 with the set up of offices for sales and marketing in Chennai, Mumbai, Kolkata and Karachi. Consistent in Lifebuoys 110+ year history has been its championing of health through hygiene. The brands core promise of protection and a commitment to support life through unbeatable protection is at the heart of the brand name itself – Lifebuoy, the guarantee of protection when you are threatened. While brands have managed to upgrade their image and evolve together with their consumers – Lifebuoy is a great example, having moved from a carbolic, sweaty association to desirable health imagery – there has been no example of a brand that has moved to the top of the pole after residing at the bottom. The relaunch of the soap in 2002, 2004 again in 2006 have been turning points in its history. In 2004, Lifebuoy’s product offering was revamped with contemporary packaging and an upmarket look. While that went down well with existing users, new users were still elusive; they continued to perceive the product as a ‘cheap soap for poor people’. That perception had to be changed without alienating the Lifebuoy loyalists. The objective for HUL was to launch a campaign that helped the soap shed its old-fashioned image and gain an entry into two million urban households. Lifebuoy before the end of the first quarter of 2011 was the leader in soap market in India after which they lost the competition to Reckitt Benckisers Dettol. Dettol is now the market leader with 42% of the market share whereas lifebuoy has 41% of the market share in the same market. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY REASON for selecting this topic Lifebuoy makes a moving appeal with Muthu’s story: Hindustan Unilever’s soap brand Lifebuoy has launched a social media campaign ‘Saving Lives’, inviting people to pledge support for the health initiatives it has undertaken on ground. The three-minute film has been created by Lowe Lintas and Partners and is currently on YouTube and Facebook. The film set in a village starts with a small boy (Muthu) spotting handprints in the mud outside his house. Curious, he sets out to follow the trail. He then spots his father who is walking on his hands across the town. He begins to walk along and very soon other villagers join them. His father continues his journey across the fields with the size of the procession increasing with musicians too walking along. A young lady, who seems like a tourist from the city, sees the procession from a bus and is intrigued. She joins them, trying to find out what is happening. The procession climbs on top of a hill, the man still walking on his hands over the rocky terrain. Finally, they reach their destination a temple. The man pays his respects to God before finally putting his feet on the ground. He explains to the priest that his son Muthu has turned five. The young lady asks the bystander what the big deal about turning five was. The bystander explains that Muthu is the man’s only child to have survived till the age of five. The film ends with the super announcing: On the initiative, Samir Singh, global vice president, Lifebuoy, said: â€Å"Lifebuoy’s goal is to change the hand-washing behaviours of a billion people by 2015 in order to help save lives and reduce disease. On top of the work we have been doing on ground for the last 10 years, we needed people to support our cause in huge numbers to reach our goal. † There are other HYGIENE EDUCATION AND DISASTER RELIEF measures that Lifebouy has takes in times of natural disaster. In 2004 after a Tsunami hit Asia, Lifebuoy bars were sent in relief packages to India, Sri Lanka and Indonesia to help prevent the spread of disease. The brand also provided aid after earthquakes hit Pakistan and Northern India in 2005. Lifebuoy donated over 200,000 bars of soap to the International Committee of the Red Cross to support the recovery effort. Lifebouy’s campaign continues today, with Lifebuoy hygiene education programmes ongoing in countries including India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Indonesia and Vietnam. These are the few reasons which motivated me to make this project . The main OBJECTIVE of the project is to find: The strategies used to market its world famous soap, LIFEBUOY, in India ;the process of using market segmentation, target marketing, the product, pricing, promotional and distribution strategies. To analyse how it has established itself as the disinfectant soap . To study its competitors strategies and lifebouy’s relationship with them. LITERATURE REVIEW: Article 1: Brand story: Lifebuoy’s journey that is in the spotlight. Sruthi Radhakrishnan, ET Bureau Mar 23, 2011, 05. 08am IST When you go to a doctor, there are some very strict, disciplinarian ones and there are some who make light of the illness. Lifebuoy is the second kind of doctor, says Amer Jaleel, NCD, Lowe Lintas. Lifebuoy, for long, has been associated with a big, red, chunky bar of soap that keeps one healthy. The heritage brand, which has been around for more than a 100 years now (the first container with Lifebuoy soaps landed on Indian shores in 1895 at Bombay Harbour), was once touted to be the soap that was everything male and sporty. It has now become a family brand. Article 2: HULs advertising on rotis at the Kumbh Mela Lifebuoy se haath dhoye kya? February 8, 2013 | Sagar Malviya , ET Bureau. At Kumbh Mela, the largest congregation on earth where all big marketers are vying to sell their wares and boost their brands, one promotion that stands out is Hindustan Unilevers Roti Reminder for its Lifebuoy soap brand, ET reports. The countrys largest consumer products firm, along with creative agency Ogilvy, has partnered more than 100 dhabas and hotels at the mela site to serve rotis that are stamped with Lifebuoy se haath dhoye kya? (Have you washed your hand with Lifebuoy? ) The Roti Reminder gets a consumers attention at the exact time when hand washing is critical, Sudhir Sitapati, general manager, skin cleansing, at HUL, says. That is, right when she sits down to eat roti with her hand. At Kumbh Mela, the largest congregation on earth where all big marketers are vying to sell their wares and boost their brands, one promotion that stands out is Hindustan Unilevers Roti Reminder for its Lifebuoy soap brand, ET reports. The countrys largest consumer products firm, along with creative agency Ogilvy, has partnered more than 100 dhabas and hotels at the mela site to serve rotis that are stamped with Lifebuoy se haath dhoye kya? (Have you washed your hand with Lifebuoy? ) The Roti Reminder gets a consumers attention at the exact time when hand washing is critical, Sudhir Sitapati, general manager, skin cleansing, at HUL, says. That is, right when she sits down to eat roti with her hand. Article 3 Hindustan Unilever celebrates Global Handwashing Day Ahona Ghosh, ET Bureau Oct 15, 2012, 05. 06PM IST Hindustan Unilever is celebrating its 5th annual Global Handwashing Day across the country today. An initiative of the companys Lifebuoy brand of soap the campaign has been designed to raise awareness of handwashing with soap as a simple but lifesaving habit. At Mumbais Municipal Corporation School in Worli today the companys CEO, Nitin Paranjpe, film actress Kajol and Dr. Nirupam Bajpai, Director of the Columbia Global Centers, South Asia, and a Senior Development Advisor at the Earth Institute at Columbia University,spent two hours this morning with the children in an interactive session on benefits of handwashing. Article 4 Lifebuoy to get a facelift Rajas Kelkar, TNN Feb 9, 2002, 01. 00am IST Mumbai : Hindustan Lever, the countrys largest consumer goods company, will relaunch its 107-year old lifebuoy brand in an attempt to upgrade its image and positioning. this will be the first major relaunch of the soap and it will transform lifebuoy from a low-end, mass product into a brand new soap with a new price, packaging and positioning. sources said the company is reducing the size of the normal lifebuoy soap to 125 gms from 150 gms and increasing the price to rs 9 from rs 8. 50, an effective hike of 27 per cent. the company will make a formal announcement on february 12. company officials remained tightlipped about the issue. when contacted, a hll spokesman declined to comment. analysts say lever is attempting to revive the brands fortunes which have declined recently due to falling volumes in the overall soap segment. lifebuoy commands a volume market share of 18 per cent and is one of the most successful brands in the lever stable. but it has recently lost market share in a declining soaps market and its value dipped to rs 450 crore in 2001 from rs 595 crore in 2000. the price hike will come close on the heels of similar moves by lever in other products in the personal wash category. they believe that the current stock price of hll has already taken into account the price revision to be announced by hll. the current price factors in the increase in prices of key brands like lifebuoy and lux. the company is making an effort to boost its margins through the strategy. we do not believe that the price hike will result in a significant boost in sales or margins in the short-term. a large part of the earnings will be spent on promotions and marketing efforts required for relaunches, a dealer at a leading institutional brokerage commented. the hll stock rose 3. 59 per cent to rs 231 from rs 223, the third straight day of gains. the personal care wash category accounts for 18 per cent of the companys total sales revenues. Article 5 The FMCG and Retail Marketing blog Posted on December 18, 2010 Great Sales Promotion Strategy: Haath Dhoye Kya (Lifebuoy Hand Sanitizers) Was sitting in Coffee Cafe Day having a cup of coffee with a friend at santacruz east incidentally when I entered in the coffee shop I saw every table being displayed with a Lifebuoy Hand Sanitizer with a tag line â€Å"Haath Dooye Kya†. Great Sales Promotion Strategy: Haath Dhoye Kya (Lifebuoy Hand sanitizer) Now this is such a smart marketing where you are making consumer getting addicted to the consumption of the product by providing them live sample of the product with the freedom of using the product without paying for it. Now this is generating intense consumption need of the product which is already being consumed for instance take the example of those tooth paste companies who educated their present consumer who used to brush their teeth once in a day by just letting â€Å"consumer aware that you should brush your teeth twice in a day or every 12 hrs† rather than once in 24 hrs. Now in this case they have segmented it very well they have taken the Promotion spot as Coffee cafe day where most of the people who visit are middle and upper middle class and most of them are really hygiene conscious and with such a attacking tag line â€Å"Haath dhoya kya† will unnecessary will remind you that dude I need to wash my hand and I think while using this sanitizer he will think of buying a hand sanitizer for himself because of the fact that most of the people carry bag along with them in Mumbai so will think of buying it after using it . Think Buddy â€Å"Haath dhoya kya†. Article 6 Sanitizer cos cashing in on swine flu scare Ratna Bhushan, ET Bureau Dec 24, 2009, 02. 11am IST NEW DELHI: For decades, personal hygiene for Indians started and ended with Lifebuoy soaps and Dettol hand wash. Not any more. With swine flu scare sweeping across the country and spreading consciousness about hygiene like never before, a bunch of consumer product makers including Godrej Consumer Products, Paras Pharmaceuticals and Wipro Consumer Care have jumped into this market with hand sanitizers. Hindustan Unilever too has launched its hand sanitizer in select markets under the Lifebuoy brand alright, but its facing competition from Himalaya Herbal Healthcare, one of the few existing players that had so long restricted its sales mostly to hospitals, and a spate of new regional brands Article 7 The Indian Express Lifebuoy told to pay Dettol for ‘slanderous’ ad Krishnadas Rajagopal : New Delhi, July 19, Sun Jul 20 2008, 00:14 hrs A doctor husbands advice to his wife on a television ad to use Lifebuoy instead of a green-covered antiseptic soap cost the 110-year-old UK-launched brand name Rs 5 lakh in damages to competitor Dettol. The almost 10-second clip beamed on several TV channels features a man and his wife back home on a rain-soaked day. The woman decides to take a bath with an ordinary antiseptic soap in a green-white cover, drawing ridicule from her doctor sahib. Naadaan ko aql dena, ham sab ko bachaa lena (Oh God save her†¦ show reason to the naive†¦ he sings with their children on TV to rubbish an orange coloured bar soap. The Delhi High Court restrained Hindustan Lever Limited, the manufacturers of brand Lifebuoy, from issuing or telecasting the advertisement and slapped punitive damages of Rs 5 lakh on the company. Justice Badar Durrez Ahmed termed the video clip a deliberate act to reduce the sales of brand Dettol through the device of slander. The ad, Dettol claimed, had caused a severe dent in the image of Dettol Original soap. Lifebuoy said Dettol had no exclusive right or monopoly over the colour, shape or packaging. Justice Ahmed said the yardstick to judge if the advertisement was defamatory lay in the image of Dettol soap that the public at large carried in their minds. METHODOLOGY: My Methodology would be primarily secondary material. These are the readily available sources of the data which hasalready been collected by some researchers, experts and specialties . The secondary sources helpful for the study was mainly the internet. I would analyse and give my information based on these materials. DISCUSSION : FINDINGS :- LIFEBUOY PORTFOLIO:- Today, the Lifebuoy brand is more than the quintessential bar of red soap, and provides hygiene and health for the entire family through a range of products like liquid hand wash and specially designed body wash. Beyond ensuring daily hygiene and freshness, Lifebuoy products also address special needs like anti-acne and skin fortification for an all around cleansing experience. PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE : Lifebuoy Bar is in the maturity stage of its life cycle Products HAND SANITIZER Lifebuoy Hand Sanitizer effectively disrupts bacteria’s cell membrane virus’s outer coat thereby kills germs viruses on your hands. Proven that it can instantly kill 99. 99% germs and H1N1 virus . Dries quickly, is non-sticky and has soothing fragrance. Has Moisturizer and Vitamin E to keep your hands soft and smooth. BAR SOAP Lifebuoy bar soaps support children’s health and growth by providing extended germ protection for up to 12 hours after a bath thanks to enhanced ingredients. Lifebuoy Body Wash provides deep cleansing of pores, protecting against the three root causes of skin health problems – clogged pores, over-drying, and infection-causing germs. HAND WASH Clean, germ-free hands are the key to good health, as ingestion of germs from unhygienic hands at mealtimes is the most likely cause for common diseases. Lifebuoy Hand Soaps offer hospital-strength germ protection, with a unique formulation that generates a rich lather. This provides an effective and hygienic wash in every corner of the hands and nails, at the same time leaving your hands pleasantly fragrant. MEN’S BODYWASH Male skin is more oily and sweaty, making it more prone to attacks from germs that cause skin problems and body odour. Lifebuoy Mens Body Washes are specially formulated to wash away excess oil and sweat, protecting against body odour and other problems caused by germs. Two variants provide the most important benefits to mens skin: CLEAR SKIN Lifebuoy Clear Skin provides specialist protection from acne, which results from oil and dirt coming together. Mineral clay or multani mitti absorbs the oil from your skin, while washing away germs and dirt to greatly reduce the incidence of acne. In fact, Lifebuoy Clear Skin has been shown to reduce acne up to 70 per cent in six weeks, guaranteeing visibly clearer skin MARKETING STRATEGIES FOR LIFEBUOY INTRODUCTION: Lifebuoy has always been marketed as ‘a tough cleaning soap for a tough man. ’ (Of course, the 2002 re-launch targeted Lifebuoy as a soap that brought good health to the entire family). Lifebuoy has been seen as a valuefor- money product, a soap that is long-lasting. In a very smart TV ad campaign, children are shown cleaning a street. The message put across is that since these children are secure from ailments that are caused by a lack of proper sanitation and hygiene, thanks to the fact that they use Lifebuoy, they are in a position to ensure cleanliness and hygiene for the entire community. Thus, Lifebuoy not only ensures good health and cleanliness for individuals, but healthy and productive communities as well. The ‘Lifebuoy Swasthya Chetana’ programme uses a‘direct consumer contact’methodology, and touches the lives of 70 million people in 18,000 villages. A unique feature of this campaign is that it utilizes multiple contacts, as opposed toother programmes which are single contact’ in nature. Gushes the HLL spokesman, â€Å"This programme aims to educate people about the benefits of handwash with soap, and how handwash can help kill invisible,disease causing germs. It is thus a marketing programme with a strong social cause of improving the health and hygiene of rural India. The brand USP is, ‘Lifebuoy provides 100% better protection from germs as compared to ordinary soaps. ’ LIFEBUOY’S MARKET SEGMENTATION AND TARGETING: The targeting market for lifebuoy is all households who can afford buying soap and who want to fulfill everyday need that provides them and their family with a 100 anti bacterial solution and complete protection from all germs bacteria and cleanliness from dirt Lifebuoy belief that children are the potential agent for change and impartingeducation on the importance of hand washing with soap will enable them to adopt early habit in life LIFEBUOY’S REPOSITIONING STRATEGY: Lifebuoy soap is a very old brand of bath soap in India, Life Buoy is an anti bacterial soap and in the beginning it positioned itself on its antibacterial qualities, lifebuoy gained a number of customers with this positioning, but then there comes the competition with the Dettol soap.. All this put Lifebuoy out of lime light and to survive in market, Lifebuoy positioned itself on price it became low price antibacterial soap. This strategy may have boosted short term sales of Lifebuoy but it lost its brand value and credibility in the minds of customers. Lifebuoy needed to reposition itself on quality ratherthan price. REPOSITIONING CAMPAIGN: The repositioning campaign of Lifebuoy was started at 2008, but it became more prominent and became effective in 2009, Lifebuoy along with the advertisement has improved its quality and fragrance, most of the people had shifted from lifebuoy because it was low quality and it smelled terribly, as Lifebuoy has improved its quality all it needed to run an effective advertisement campaign to get the customers attention. The advertisement team of Lifebuoy came up with excellent theme â€Å"Healthy Hoga Hindustan†and it is targeting parents which is their target market, Lifebuoy made very effective ad and it also used fear strategy (which is effective in case of antibacterial soap). This has enabled Lifebuoy to get more and more customers. Now a days, Lifebuoy is everywhere in Television, Radio, Newspapers and Billboards, Lifebuoy is running a huge campaign to promote itself which is very necessary in case of repositioning the brand. With the help of marketing department and advertisement, Lifebuoy has successfully repositioned itself as a quality antibacterial soap with better fragrance and more durability. Many companies try to reposition themselves when they see market trend shifting but most fail to do so. In case of Lifebuoy it has been successful. The interesting thing about this campaign is that Lifebuoy is running the same campaign in Pakistan and in India as is done by Unilever, this suggest that lifeboay is considering India and Pakistan as the similar market segment. MARKET STRATEGIES: Here in marketing strategies we will discuss the existing strategy of Lifebuoy along with some adjustments in the strategies to improve our selected product. The discussion of these market strategies are hereunder. MARKET SCOPE STRATEGY: Although Unilever itself is a part of a Multi market, but since we are talking about the product Lifebuoy we can say that it is using a multi market strategy as well because it has both soap and shampoo, not these two only but they have others antibacterial liquid baths as well opening a way for Lifebuoy to be a multiple product. MARKET ENTRY STRATERGY Lifebouy is one of the old products of uniliver which has more than 100years of successful journey ,we can simply say that Lifebuoy is the early entrants internationally and in India it is the first-in in its kind of soaps. By adopting the first-in strategy, Lifebuoy has captured the maximum share of the market. Over 60 years in India we guess there is not a single home that didn’t use it. Lifebuoy has taken the risk of the first-in and consequently got one of the biggest markets in Asian countries by providing its quality and sustained priced product to both rural and urban areas of India. MARKET COMMITMENT STRATEGY: Being the first-in in the market Unilever has shown strong commitment with its brand of life time i. e. Lifebuoy and that commitment to its brand has really foster the growth of Unilever as well as its brand of Lifebuoy. But from the recent decade Unilever is no more showing the strong commitment to Lifebuoy because over the period of time many of the competitors came in the market with new innovative product, better market strategies and stronger commitment. In the present scenario, Unilever is just showing an average commitment to its brand of Lifebuoy which has really put its brand on the back foot. STRATEGIES WITH RESPECT TO 4P’S: PRODUCT STRATEGIES: A product is anything that can be offered to a market to satisfy a need or want. Products that are marketed include physical goods, services, experiences, events, persons, places, properties, organizations, information and ideas. PRODUCT POSITIONING STRATEGY: â€Å"Placing a brand in that part of the market where it will have a favorable reception compare with other brands†. Unilever position Lifebuoy when come in red colors as a brand of low income group. They choose their segment and position their brand according to the needs and wants of the segments. This segment wants long life of the soap and the chemical formula of Lifebuoy enables it to have long life. PRODUCT REPOSITIONING STRATEGY: Due to competition, Unilever has to reposition its brand Lifebuoy because the needs and wants of people are changed. Unilever should revise its marketing mix to reposition Lifebuoy. Now they are targeting whole India by the advertisement â€Å"Healthy Hoga Hindustan†. They position their brand for the health conscious people. In repositioning they changed the shape, color and the attributes of the Lifebuoy because want this kind of changes and they do this through environmental scanning. PRODUCT SCOPE STRATEGY: Single Brand: Unilever is using single brand strategy when Lifebuoy came in traditional red color and use by lower income group. Multiple Brands :In order to attain the whole market Unilever has introduced Lifebuoy shampoo to capture more growth and profits. PRODUCT DESIGN STRATEGY: Deals with the standardization of the product. Unilever is using two of product development strategies. Standard product: Unilever is offering a standard product of Lifebuoy soap and shampoo by standardized packaged product. Customized product: In case of Lifebuoy shampoo different sizes are available, customers use according to its requirements from 200ml bottle to 5ml sachet pack since there is no one time consumption PRICING STRATEGIES: MARKET PENETRATION : Market penetration is the name given to a growth strategy where the business focuses on selling existing products into existing markets. Market penetration has four main objectives: Maintain or increase the market share of current products this can be achieved by a combination of competitive pricing strategies, advertising, sales promotion and perhaps more resources dedicated to personal selling. Secure dominance of growth market. Restructure a mature market by driving out competitors; this would require a much more aggressive promotional campaign, supported by a pricing strategy designed to make the market unattractive for competitors. Increase usage by existing customers – for example by introducing loyalty schemes. Ansoff Matrix : Current Product New Product Current Market Market Penetration Product Development New Market Market Development Diversification Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) like lifebuoy shop has fullfil requirements for making an impression in the market for penetrating: Strong distribution channel Minimum profit margin Simple marketing message Lesser-priced packs to increase affordability Packaging in smaller units and localized design that attracts consumers Convenience of storage while use Thorough knowledge of the village psyche In brief, the strategy revolves around what attracts consumers to a product PROMOTIONAL STRATEGIES: Successful promotion campaigns dont happen by chance. To realize goals, promotional products programs must be carefully planned, taking into consideration the audience, budget and, of course, the ultimate result to be gained. Sales promotions are non-personal promotional efforts that are designed to have an immediate impact on sales. Media and non-media marketing communications are employed for a pre-determined limited time to increase consumer demand, stimulate market demand or improve product availability. Lifebuoy is promoting its product using these kinds of promotional techniques Consumer sales promotion techniques: The different consumer sales promotion techniques used by Lifebuoy are: Price deal: A temporary reduction in the price, such as happy hour. Cents-off deal: Offers a brand at a lower price. Price reduction may be a percentage marked on the package. Price-pack deal: The packaging offers a consumer a certain percentage more of the product for the same price (for example, 25 percent extra). Coupons: coupons have become a standard mechanism for sales promotions. Free-standing insert (FSI): A coupon booklet is inserted into the local newspaper for delivery. Rebates: Consumers are offered money back if the receipt and barcode are mailed to the producer. Contests/sweepstakes/games: The consumer is automatically entered into the event by purchasing the product DISTRIBUTION STRATEGIES: Movement of goods and services from the source through the distribution channel, right up to the final consumer or user and the movement of payment in the opposite direction, right up to the original producer or supplier Chanel of Distribution: A distribution channel can be as short as being direct from the vendor to the consumer or may include several inter-connected (usually independent but mutually dependent) intermediaries such as wholesalers, distributors , agents, retailers. Each intermediary got the items at one pricing point and moves it to the next higher pricing point until it reaches the final buyer also called channel of distribution or marketing channel. Existing strategy: Unilever uses a lot of distributors and retailers to supply its products in each market where the final customer might reasonably look for it. While appointing a distributor for a particular area, management uses its own judgment to select such a person that has a potential to operate effectively. Unilever uses an intensive distribution strategy for lifebuoy soap while at the same brand but in shampoos category it introduces only extensive strategy. Unilever did not fight for the better shelf space for lifebuoy soap as Lifebuoy is targeting middle and low income consumers so shelf space is not important their main focus is on intensive distribution and ideal price with some innovation SWOT ANALYSIS OF LIFEBOUY COMPARASION : DETTOL AND LIFEBOUY PRODUCT: When we start talking about the products of Dettol, the first thing that strikes a chord in our mind is that â€Å"Dettol means secure† and we are â€Å"100% sure† about that. Dettol entered the soap market only with one soap,Dettol Original. And then diversified into 4 different soaps namely- Dettol original, Dettol skin care, Dettol cool and Dettol Fresh. Dettol soaps always come with a recommendation from IMA- Indian Medical Association. This sign makes Dettol more secure and safer. And the diversification of dettols products increased the customer base of the company because each one of its product is quality-wise different and caters the needs of different people in a much diversified country like India where preferences differs vividly. Dettol is a very old brand in India and is always considered as the 3rd most trusted brand in India. The success story of lifebuoy is in having moved from a carbolic, sweaty association to desirable health imagery. And when we discuss about the quality of lifebuoy, it stands as the soap with most durability in India. Long lasting life of the soap itself is USP for the brand. And coming to the next parameter in product category for lifebuoy, design, the design of the earlier bars of the royal disinfectant soap had been carried over for years by the company. The red color that really marked the brand name went under changes in yea

Monday, November 25, 2019

The Unexpected Presidency of Gerald R. Ford

The Unexpected Presidency of Gerald R. Ford Becoming vice president or President of the United States are no small feats. But between 1973 and 1977, Gerald R. Ford did both- without ever getting a single vote. How did he do that? In the early 1950s, when Michigans Republican Party leaders urged him to run for the  U.S. Senate  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ generally considered the next step to the presidency – Ford declined, stating that his ambition was to become  Speaker of the House, a position he called the ultimate achievement† at the time. â€Å"To sit up there and be the head honcho of 434 other people and have the responsibility, aside from the achievement, of trying to run the greatest  legislative  body in the history of mankind,† said Ford, â€Å"I think I got that ambition within a year or two after I was in the House of Representatives.† But after over a decade of putting forth his best efforts, Ford continually failed to be chosen as a speaker. Finally, he promised his wife Betty that if the speakership eluded him again in 1974, he would retire from Congress and political life in 1976. But far from returning to the farm, Gerald Ford was about to become the first person to have served as both Vice President and President of the United States without being elected to either office.   Suddenly, its Vice President Ford In October 1973, President  Richard M. Nixon  was serving his second term in the White House when his Vice President  Spiro Agnew  resigned before pleading no contest to federal charges of tax evasion and money laundering related to his acceptance of $29,500 in bribes while governor of Maryland. In the first ever application of the vice-presidential vacancy provision of the  25th Amendment  to the U.S. Constitution, President Nixon nominated then House Minority Leader Gerald Ford to replace Agnew. On November 27, the Senate voted 92 to 3 to confirm Ford, and on December 6, 1973, the House confirmed Ford by a vote of 387 to 35. One hour after the House voted, Ford was sworn in as Vice President of the United States.   When he agreed to accept President Nixons nomination, Ford told Betty that the Vice Presidency would be a nice conclusion to his political career. Little did they know, however,  that Fords political career was anything but over.   The Unexpected Presidency of Gerald Ford As Gerald Ford was getting used to the idea of being vice president,  a spellbound nation was watching the  Watergate scandal  unfold.   During the 1972 presidential campaign, five men employed by President Nixons Committee to Re-elect the President had allegedly broken into the Democratic National Committee headquarters in Washington D.C.s Watergate hotel, in an attempt to steal information related to Nixons opponent, George McGovern. On August 1, 1974, after weeks of accusations and denials, President Nixons Chief of Staff Alexander Haig visited Vice President Ford to tell him that the smoking gun evidence in the form of Nixon’s secret Watergate tapes had been exposed. Haig told Ford that conversations on the tapes left little doubt that President Nixon had taken part in, if not ordered, the cover-up of the Watergate break-in. At the time of Haigs visit, Ford and his wife Betty were still living in their suburban Virginia home while the vice presidents residence in Washington, D.C. was being renovated. In his memoirs, Gord would later say of the day, Al Haig asked to come over and see me, to tell me that there would be a new tape released on a Monday, and he said the evidence in there was devastating and there would probably be either an impeachment or a resignation. And he said, Im just warning you that youve got to be prepared, that these things might change dramatically and you could become president. And I said, Betty, I dont think were ever going to live in the vice presidents house.   With his impeachment almost certain, President Nixon resigned on August 9, 1974. According to the process of presidential succession, Vice President Gerald R. Ford was immediately sworn in as the 38th President of the United States.  Ã‚   In a live, nationally televised speech from the East Room of the White House, Ford stated, I am acutely aware that you have not elected me as your president by your ballots, and so I ask you to confirm me as your president with your prayers.   President Ford went on to add, My fellow Americans, our long national nightmare is over. Our Constitution works; our great Republic is a government of laws and not of men. Here, the people rule. But there is a higher power, by whatever name we honor Him, who ordains not only righteousness but love, not only justice but mercy. Let us restore the golden rule to our political process, and let brotherly love purge our hearts of suspicion and hate.   When the dust had settled, Fords prediction to Betty had come true. The couple moved into the White House without ever living in the vice presidents house.   As one of his first official acts, President Ford exercised Section 2 of the 25th Amendment and nominated Nelson A. Rockefeller of New York to be vice president. On August 20, 1974, both Houses of Congress voted to confirm the nomination and Mr. Rockefeller took the oath of office December 19, 1974.   Ford Pardons Nixon On September 8, 1974, President Ford granted former President Nixon a full and unconditional presidential pardon absolving him of any crimes he might have committed against the United States while president. In a nationally televised TV broadcast, Ford explained his reasons for granting the controversial pardon, stating that the Watergate situation had become â€Å"a tragedy in which we all have played a part. It could go on and on and on, or someone must write the end to it. I have concluded that only I can do that, and if I can, I must.† About the 25th Amendment Had it happened prior to the ratification of the 25th Amendment on Februayr 10, 1967, the resignations of Vice President Agnew and then President Nixon would have almost certainly triggered a monumental constitutional crisis.The 25th Amendment  superseded the wording of Article II, Section 1, Clause 6 of the Constitution, which failed to clearly state that the vice president becomes president if the president dies, resigns, or otherwise becomes incapacitated and unable to perform the duties of the office. It also specified the current method and order of presidential succession. Prior to the 25th Amendment, there had been incidents when the president was incapacitated. For example, when President Woodrow Wilson suffered a debilitating stroke on October 2, 1919, he was not replaced in office, as First Lady Edith Wilson, along with the White House Physician, Cary T. Grayson, covered up the extent of President Wilsons disability.  For the next 17 months, Edith Wilson actually carried out many presidential duties.   On 16 occasions, the nation had gone without a vice president because of the vice president had died or had become president through succession. For example, there was no vice president for almost four years after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. The assassination of President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963, prompted Congress to push for a constitutional amendment. Early, erroneous reports that Vice President Lyndon Johnson had also been shot created several chaotic hours in the federal government. Happing so soon after the Cuban Missile Crisis and with Cold War tensions still at a fever pitch, the Kennedy assassination forced Congress to come up with a specific method of determining presidential succession. New President Johnson experienced several health issues, and the next two officials in line for the presidency were 71-year-old Speaker of the House John Cormack and 86-year-old Senate President Pro Tempore Carl Hayden. Within three months of Kennedys death, the House and Senate passed a joint resolution that would be submitted to the states as the 25th Amendment. On February 10, 1967, Minnesota and Nebraska became the 37th and 38th states to ratify the amendment, making it the law of the land.

Friday, November 22, 2019

Benefits & Costs of Collaboration in IT Workplace

Two or more people or organisations ing together for a mon goal is a collaboration (Schuman, 2006). It is a joint effort (Rouse, 2016) and by definition excludes individual work. Information Technology (IT) is the use of puters, networks, storage and other infrastructure to store, retrieve, process, and share electronic data and is often employed in the context of business as opposed to personal use (Bigelow, 2015). This short paper discusses the benefits and costs of collaboration in an IT workplace. Collaboration promotes a superior quality of work by supporting the division of labour on which our present-day society is based. The ever-increasing specialisation in technology, processes, and customer requirements mean that an individual in an organisation can specialise and thus excel in one or just a handful of domains to be adding value to the entity's mission (Belcher, n.d.). This requirement implies we need to bring together people of different skills to achieve goals, thus, collaboration. Multiple minds working together leads to that many ideas and leads to achieve the task at hand. Collaboration helps build team morale and helps increase job satisfaction (Boyer, n.d.). It increases the chances of interaction among the team members which may aid in honing resilient teams which will care about the quality of work they produce. Collaboration requires the participation of multiple people, and thus the need to keep them on the same page, and thus meetings. It leads to meetings which are often inefficient and result in wasting time (Harmon & Cullinan, 2016). Collaboration may lead to useless power struggles (Belcher, n.d.). In the absence of a real authority figure, some individuals may attempt to gain power rather than concentrate on the task at hand. It may also lead to covert conflicts in working styles of individuals (Belcher, n.d.) who would rather like to work solo. Some of these people of these employees may take out their tension on the work, thus being detrimental to the organisation's goals. Belcher, L. Advantages & Disadvantages of Collaboration in the Workplace. Chron. Retrieved 28 January 2017, from https://smallbusiness.chron /advantages-disadvantages-collaboration-workplace-20965.html Bigelow, S. (2015). What is Information Technology (IT)? - Definition from WhatIs . TechTarget. Retrieved 28 January 2017, from https://searchdatacenter.techtarget /definition/IT Boyer, S. The Importance of Collaboration in the Workplace. Nutcache. Retrieved 28 January 2017, from https://www.nutcache /blog/the-importance-of-collaboration-in-the-workplace/ Harmon, S. & Cullinan, R. (2016). The Dark Side of Collaboration. The Huffington Post. Retrieved 28 January 2017, from https://www.huffingtonpost /shani-harmon/the-dark-side-of-collabor_b_9825020.html Rouse, M. (2016). What is collaboration? - Definition from WhatIs . TechTarget. Retrieved 28 January 2017, from https://whatis.techtarget /definition/collaboration Schuman, S. (2006). Creating a culture of collaboration (1st ed.). San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Indian warriors, like all others, contained both strengths and Essay

Indian warriors, like all others, contained both strengths and weaknesses. What were the strengths and weaknesses specific to th - Essay Example It was difficult for the Indians to fight such an army which had strong discipline and organization. Many of the Indians made use of repeaters along with the bows and arrows which gave them an advantage despite the opponents’ better organization (Millett & Maslowski, 1994). Even with lack of discipline and ammunition, the warriors were skilled in catching their enemy by surprise. The Indian warriors especially in the west had no lands or vehicles to protect; hence they had greater mobility and could simply avoid the army in one-to-one battles where they could easily get outnumbered. They could lie low and spread around the land and sneak upon the opponents at the right time. It was hence very difficult for the attacking army to force the Indians into battle and this was very advantageous for the Indian warriors. It can be concluded that the Indian warriors had many weaknesses but their strengths helped prolong their struggle against the whites. Works Cited Millett, A. R., & Ma slowski, P. (1994). For the common defense: a military history of the United States of America. Free Press; Rev Exp edition.

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Film Sequence - Raging Bull (Martin Scoreses, 1980) Essay

Film Sequence - Raging Bull (Martin Scoreses, 1980) - Essay Example He became very rich and then wasted all his money. Later on in life he became a stand up comedian in which he didn’t succeed in a great way. Even more, he was imprisoned for taking advantage of an underage girl. After their previous endeavor, â€Å"Taxi Driver†, Scorsese, De Niro and Screen writer Paul Schrader were drawn and seemed exited by the life of the tortured, rough and devastated character. The techniques used in this film were unique and captures the imaginative power of the director. The movie offers a strong portrayal of the visual language and the composition of the shots. The opening credits of the movie shows the titles with a slow motion shot of the boxer jogging and warming up in the ring. It is a similar to the opening shots of To Kill a Mocking Bird. Raging Bull opening sequence plays Intermezzo from the opera Cavalleria Rusticana, by Pietro Mascagni. It has an amazing soundscapes, a no color cinematography and expert production design. Jake La Motta is portrayed in the opening scene exactly in a way notes are portrayed on a music sheet. He is feared, angry and the ropes of the ring look very much like the bars of music. Scorsese’s poetic meditation on La Motta’s fights in the ring is an important motif in the films romantic glorification of the sport and a tribute to its classic photojournalists. The film also displays elements of Christianity, specially a parallel of the fall. La Motta is shown capable of great things but his own wrong doings and failure to correct himself keeps him away from achieving much. (Martin Scorsese, Men of the cloth, Men of the Streets). Another important field had been Scorsese’s use of slow motion cinematography penetrates through the film and it is that absurdity which makes the critics find the film so compelling. Intertextuality means the way artworks can copy, pay tribute or enrich others work and here Scorsese imitates Life Magazine snaps in the movie. Establishing shots s uch as a low angle one which focuses on the symmetry of fire escapes in a Bronx building shows the artistic side of Scorsese. Camera work in this film had been of exceptional quality, with shots like a 360 degree swish pan which was used to show the state of Sugar Ray receiving the punches, which shows feelings inside the opponents mind. In the last part we see Jake getting beaten up, where the cameras close in on the hits and the blood. Slow motion is used to highlight the blood. Scorsese uses chiaroscuro lighting which creates energy and to portray the disturbed search. The energy is the desire, the camera is the hope and the lights are the worries that will be produced and the desires stripped. Scorsese’s use of wide angle lens, on close-ups, is well pictured. This would not have come out in longer lens. The great sense of separation is produced by this. Certain shots like the high angle, over the shoulder shot as La Motta hits Robinson, the camera zooms to a medium close from a long shot. The camera then takes the flash of a photojournalist and the flash fades. Scenes like these left a lot of scope for the audience to interpret. A point of view shot is used when the character is shown looking at something, so the shot is alternated with the view and the reaction of the observer. Slow motion

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Road Safety Essay Essay Example for Free

Road Safety Essay Essay Driving age young people under 25 make up around one-tenth of the population in OECD countries, but represent more than a quarter of car drivers killed on the road (See Figure 1). And they are not only a danger to themselves. Studies in the US and the Netherlands show that for every 10 young drivers killed, 13 passengers or other road users also die in the same crashes. Worldwide, road crashes are the single greatest cause of death for men aged 15-29, and the second greatest for 15-29-year-olds overall, according to World Health Organization (WHO) figures. Even in countries with a good overall road safety record, large numbers of young lives are being lost on the roads – more than 8 500 young car drivers die in OECD countries every year, and death rates for young drivers are typically about double those of older drivers. Although overall road safety is improving, the ratio between young and older driver death rates has not improved in many countries, so there is clearly a need for specific measures to tackle the problem of young people’s safety on the roads (See Figure 2). see more:short article on road safety Young men are particularly at risk, with death rates up to three times higher than those for young women. To make matters worse, the risk for young male drivers compared to older drivers has actually risen in a number of countries over the past decade. In the UK, for example, in 1994 a young male driver’s risk of being in a fatal crash was a little over 4.5 times that of a driver aged 30-59; by 2002 this had risen to 7 times greater. Young drivers have high numbers of crashes when driving at night and on weekends, and when carrying young passengers. Many crashes are the result of speeding and while driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Failure to use seatbelts is also a key factor in death and injuries. Young people are over-represented in single-car and loss-of-control crashes, and crashes where the driver is turning across oncoming traffic. Apart from the enormous social costs, these highway tragedies impose a huge economic cost burden.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Chronicle of a Death Foretold Essay -- Chronicle of a Death Foretold V

Chronicle of a Death Foretold The type of violence portrayed in Chronicle of a Death Foretold is more of an honor killing, in which two innocent young men feel pressured by society to become violent, instead of their own intentions. The standards and expectations of the society and their own mother who summoned them with the problem expected them to take care of the situation and regain their sister's honor. The kind of violence seen in Billy Budd differs in that it is a regulatory measure meant to keep order and obey the rules of a society and an institution. While both acts of violence are not the pure testosterone driven raging acts seen in modern day news broadcasts, they differ in that they also show a background of honest premeditation. Both were committed for very serious, purposeful reasons of which the murderers knew the full weight of their actions and that was exactly what they intended. In both novels, the murder committed took away a good person's life, while to many witnesses and accomp lices there was a shadow of doubt as to the good intentions and reasoning behind these deeds. The misguided intentions began in Marquez's novel witht he arrival and objectives of Bayardo San Roman. He thinks he deserves a "perfect" bride and has come to this small Caribbean town to find her. Based on looks he picks Angela Vicario, without even knowing her or spending time alone he wants to spend his life with her. This kind of egotism and obvious materialism demonstrates that Bayardo wants Angela based on her looks and "pure" reputation that there are "no better-reared daughters" than the Vicario ones (Marquez 31). She personally means nothing to him, and he wants her for all of the wrong reasons. He is able to... ...to happen, regardless of a moralist’s sense of justice and human rights. Their job was to serve Britain in her Navy during the time of Napoleon, regardless of the personal infringements on the liberties of the crew. Those were minor in comparison to the safety of Britain and her King. The sense of regret and shadow of doubt which lingers after each of these murders, Billy Budd’s execution and the murder of Santiago Nasar, indicates injustice of the system and special circumstances. If the Vicario brothers did not live in a time when all felt it was their â€Å"duty† to find Angela’s â€Å"seducer,† then they would not have been compelled to commit the act they did. If Billy Budd was not at sea during a time of serious mutinies and heightened rebellions worldwide, the same atmosphere would have allowed him more justice and time for a complete trial, perhaps on land.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Renowned Jamaican Scientist Dr. Manley West

Renowned Jamaican scientist Dr. Manley West Dr West was a scientist. He taught pharmaco-logy at the University of the West Indies, Mona. Significantly, with Dr Albert Lockhart, he developed Canasol, a drug for the treatment of the eye disease, glaucoma, from cannabis, or ganja. Born in Portland, West attended the Titchfield High School. He graduated from the University of London, England, in 1967 with a Doctor of Philosophy in pharmacology.His career at the UWI began as assistant lecturer in pharmacology in 1964, from which position he was promoted to lecturer and internal examiner in pharmacology in 1968. Thereafter, in 1975, West served as acting head of the Department of Pharmacology and in that same year was appointed head of the Department of Pharmacology and chief internal examiner. He was appointed professor of pharmacology in 1981.West has received national and international acclaim for his development of the drug Canasol, as a treatment for glaucoma, for which achievement he was awarded the Order of Merit from the Government. In 1985, Professor West along with Dr. Albert Lockhart received national and international acclaim, for their development of   Canasol. Both were awarded the Order of   Merit from the Jamaican Government in 1987. Professor West was also awarded the Gold Musgrave medal from the Institute of   Jamaica for his pioneering work with the drug.In 2001, Professor  West, and Dr. Lockhart introduced a cannabis-derived medication called Cantimol to treat the potentially debilitating condition of glaucoma. It was the world's first combination of an alpha agonist and a bet blocker (two types of drugs) in one bottle for the treatment of this disease. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) also conferred on him the Bio-Diversity Gold medal for the conversion of  a plant compound to medicine, and he was awarded the Legacy of  Honor, for the Caribbean for his contribution to mankind.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Identity Formation Essay

Identity formation is a universal term for young girls and boys who are trying to create themselves once they have that self awareness concept. There are many experiments that show media, peer pressure, and environmental factors contribute towards alternating a person’s identity. Natural observation and the longitudinal study can show the changes that form when a person encounters a social environmental factor that can alter their own identity which; it could be through friends, pressure to fit in, or celebrity envy. Two research methods that would prove to show that media, peer pressure, and social environmental factors do influence identity formation would be studying a participant over a long period time and studying a person in a natural setting with out them knowing. For example doing a longitudinal study on a participant will show the influences of different factors that will have on a certain participant through out their development. Doing this kind of research method will show the progress of changes in that participant’s life and will show the researcher the affect it has on her or his identity development. For example a young girl who always watches celebrities through out her childhood and into her teen years will show an affect on her identity rather then someone who is taught on real life and how people are suppose to look like or act. â€Å"Adolescents who watched music videos were more likely to recognize and relate to the socially competent behaviors demonstrated in the music videos than to the negative images or entertainment only value of the video (Te’Neil Lloyd 2000). † Using a natural setting can show researchers if participants act differently in real life after watching certain movies or shows. Without the participant knowing they are being studied they will show a natural behavior and most likely send out a false identity after being exposed to those social media factors. The downside about using these two research methods can be both participants can drop out anytime they want. Such as using the longitudinal study the young participant can drop out of the study anytime of his/her life. To make sure this study is ethical is to have a parent’s permission for their child to participate in this study over their entire development span. For the natural setting observation study the researchers cannot talk to whoever they are observing which can lead to involvement towards the study and interrupting the natural behavior. To make sure this type of research study is ethical is to not use names and make sure other people cannot find these participants in their community. Or they can tell their participants that they want to observe them, but not tell them when and do the observation randomly. Overall identity formation can be manipulated at anytime in the child’s development stages; media, magazines, and their own peer group can change how they view themselves. Using a natural setting for observation, and longitudinal study can show researchers that social factors and environmental factors can influence identity formation. Overall social media, celebrity shows, and environmental factors have a heavy impact on our lives each day. Many young girls and boys try to find their own medium with all these barriers to overcome with trying to fit in at school or watching TV shows that show unrealistic behaviors and appearances for the real world. â€Å"Teenaged adolescents watch more movies than any other segment of the population. More than 4 million adolescent girls monthly purchase magazines such as Seventeen and Sassy (Evans et aL, 1991), and three-fourths of white females aged 12-14 read at least one magazine regularly (Klein et al. , 1993). Add to this videos, books, and newspapers, and the total amounts to a significant part of the daily experience of adolescents (Jensen Arnett 1995). † This fact shows many girls and boys are exposed to a lot of media, gossip magazines and movies that many people envy for their life and identity to be like.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

_Oedipus_Rex_Irony_Paper- Essays - Culture, Human Behavior

_Oedipus_Rex_Irony_Paper- Essays - Culture, Human Behavior Oedipus Paper The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle developed a theory in regards to literature in a text known as his Poetics , which distinguished 6 categories of components that create a literary work and a tragedy. An ancient Greek tragedian by the name of Sophocles wrote a series of works and his literary work on the story of Oedipus Rex from the Theban Plays supports concepts outlined within Aristotle's Poetics. Aristotle established that the most important portion of a literary work was the plot and the structure of a story. He also proclaimed that a tragedy would be something which imitates an impactful action. This action is to have a specific magnitude that is conveyed through the use of artistic language and situations at various points during the developing plot. The most significant aspect of a literary work that identifies it to be a tragedy would be that once it begins to come to a conclusion one should feel pity and/or fear for the one who suffered through the trails of the story. The magnitude of the irony in Oedipus Rex is extremely significant to the development of the plot. At each stage Sophocles manages to exhibit each portion of story structure that was outlined in Aristotle's Poetics . In ancient Greece the philosopher Aristotle defined what he believed to be literature. In his definition he proclaimed the significance of simple and complex plots, hero, and catharsis to the production of literature. He established that of all these components the plot and structure of a story are the most significant aspect of defining a literary work determining that "Plots are either simple or complex...I call Simple, when the change of fortune takes place without Reversal of the situation and without Recognition", whereas Aristotle states that, "A complex action is one in which the change is accomplished by such Reversal, or by Recognition, or by both" Aristotle determined that every piece of work must follow a specific construction(Poetics X). A complex plot would be a story with a beginning, a middle, and an end with a Reversal in between the beginning and middle, and a Recognition in between the middle and end. In examining the Poetics section XI one may assert that a reversal is when a situation "veers round to its opposite", as it pertains to Oedipus Rex a reversal presents itself through ironic occurrences whether or not they are revealed at said point in the plot. Meanwhile, a Recognition is by Aristotle's standards "a change from ignorance to knowledge" which invokes extreme emotion. One is able to find this true in Oedipus Rex, and additionally is able to see that once one undergoes a recognition the recognition is of something that which is of the most ironic nature. Not only does the work of Oedipus Rex support Aristotle's theory of literature by displaying the characteristics that he defined as having a complex plot, but it does so through linguistic and situational irony at each stage of the development of the pla y. The structure and impact of Sophocles's literary work, Oedipus Rex, is significantly impacted by the irony within it. Aristotle said that a real; complex literary work has two major points within its plot. The reversal and the recognition. Both within Oedipus Rex are controlled by irony, on page 35 the situation within Thebes veers to its opposite when Oedipus himself is accused of being he who he sought "hear this: upon your head is the ban your lips have uttered-from this day forth Never to speak to me or any here. You are the cursed polluter of this land" the plots takes an ironic twist when evidence presents itself that would support that Oedipus killed Laius. This situational irony is significant to the development of the story because now Oedipus is presented with a conflict. He now must investigate to see if these rumors are true, and tensions rise now given that Oedipus must now subconsciously be considering what his consequence may be if he was in fact the doer of the deed. This ironic reversal supports Aristotle's theory because it creates the main conflict of the play. The story of Oedipus Rex continues to support Aristotle's theory

Monday, November 4, 2019

Policy advocacy to fight HIV discrimination and stigma Essay

Policy advocacy to fight HIV discrimination and stigma - Essay Example The HIV/AIDS-related stigma refers to the negative attitudes, prejudice or maltreatment that is directed at HIV infected people. Some of the consequences that are brought about by discrimination include being shunned by relatives and general community. It also takes the form of being maltreated in the healthcare, education institution and lack of rights. The stigma may also result in the psychological damage of the concerned individual. With increased development of drugs that could improve the living condition of people living with HIV, research has shown that stigma is still the single most barriers to the policy actions of governments. It is, therefore, necessary to formulate and implement a policy that would reduce the stigma associated with HIV. Stigma is the main reason why people are afraid to go the health institutions to determine if they are infected or not. One may, therefore, suspect that they are infected but would prefer to stay in denial so that he or she may not be pu blicly humiliated. The fear of the social disgrace from both friends and general society makes the HIV become a killer disease despite the availability of retroviral medicines. It is the view of this paper that effective sex and HIV education policy needs to be established to prevent stigma. This would be a more effective way of preventing the devastation of AIDS epidemic in the USA as it would not only increase awareness of the scourge but equip the young people with skills to provide support to the infected and affected.

Saturday, November 2, 2019

National Ward Level Classification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

National Ward Level Classification - Essay Example Population census is a tool for the government and other authorities to get the knowledge of the people residing in the country and their whereabouts. The chosen census variables were selected on the basis of the requirement of the modern age and are regarded as the most reliable document by many writers. Population census is done after every ten years in UK. People are distributed in it with the help of different classification. Classification is to distribute the population on the basis of their locality etc. population is calculated by the government by dividing it into different clusters. With the help of clustering people, it gets easy for the government to keep the record of people, their occupation, age, job and other characteristics. This helps them in getting different benefits for their people. Data records are important nowadays for security reasons as well. Questionnaires were distributed among the citizens for the population census. People had to answer different questio ns which were comprised on four pages. The security of personal information was made sure by the government. The method of gaining the results of the questionnaire was digitalized. The forms were passed through machines which detected answers and kept a record of them. The paper was recycled later. Ward level classification was developed by the available for the office of national statistics. With the help of different formulas the population census is calculated and stored in databases. Details of the methodology of the national ward level classification and how the clusters were labeled. The chosen census variables were selected, the purpose of the multivariate statistical analysis techniques used and how labels (names) were decided for the final set of clusters at the different levels in the hierarchy.   2.1 Census The census is the count of people and households and is the most reliable source of information (ONS, 2011). According to the Office for National Statistics (2011), it is made sure that every individual is included in the survey. The UK census provides a comprehensive picture of the entire population residing there. The population census in the United Kingdom is carried out after every ten years. In UK, the population census is carried out regularly after every decade with the exception of the year 1941 due to war (Barrow, 2012). 2.2 Classification It is the distribution of population on the basis of similar features or attributes that come together in groups or patches. The classification area, ‘geo-demographics’ is used for the purpose of understanding the classification for population census. According to Harris, Sleight and Webber (2005, pp.2), geo-demographics is the segmentation of people by getting the knowledge of the fact that where they reside. 2.3 Cluster Analysis and details of methodology of classification The segmentation of people on the basis of where they reside etc is making clusters of people into groups whose in formation is easy to analyze. The cluster analysis is however a complex process. In the cluster analysis none of the information is wrong but things differ place to place and person to person. Arabie, Hubert and Soete (1996, pp. 341) discuss that Milligan proposed a seven step process for the cluster analysis. The difference between clustering and cluster analysis lies in the means by which clusters are formed and steps in the analysis. Milligan seven steps are clustering variables, clustering elements, variable standardization, and measure of association, clustering methods, number of clusters and interpretation and testing (Arabie, Hubert and Soete, 1996, pp. 341-343). 2.4. 2001 population census UK and ward level classification There were different variables selected in the 2001 population c